Equivalence DFA NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof K
![Equivalence, DFA, NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and Equivalence, DFA, NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-1.jpg)
![Equivalence Relation on A • An Equivalence Relation (Not Relationship) Is Not an Equality Equivalence Relation on A • An Equivalence Relation (Not Relationship) Is Not an Equality](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-2.jpg)
![Equivalence Relation on A Equivalence Relation on A](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-3.jpg)
![Non-Algebraic Equivalence Relation Example Equivalence Relation on the Set of All Triangles on a Non-Algebraic Equivalence Relation Example Equivalence Relation on the Set of All Triangles on a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-4.jpg)
![Equivalence Relation Example Symmetric, if is similar to then is similar to Equivalence Relation Example Symmetric, if is similar to then is similar to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-5.jpg)
![Equivalence Relation Example Transitive, if is similar to and is similar to then is Equivalence Relation Example Transitive, if is similar to and is similar to then is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-6.jpg)
![Inclusion Relation Inclusion Relation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-7.jpg)
![Inclusion Relation Example Inclusion Relation Example](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-8.jpg)
![Partition Notation • Overbar Indicates States Which Are Elements of the Same -block. • Partition Notation • Overbar Indicates States Which Are Elements of the Same -block. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-9.jpg)
![Relations May Be Orderings • Partial Ordering • Total Ordering, aka Chain • Well Relations May Be Orderings • Partial Ordering • Total Ordering, aka Chain • Well](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-10.jpg)
![Partial Ordering • Given an Inclusion Relation, R: s s’, Defined on some Elements Partial Ordering • Given an Inclusion Relation, R: s s’, Defined on some Elements](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-11.jpg)
![Properties of PO – Reflexive • s s for all s S – Anti-Symmetric Properties of PO – Reflexive • s s for all s S – Anti-Symmetric](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-12.jpg)
![Properties of PO – Transitive e. g. , If the Redskins beat the Patriots Properties of PO – Transitive e. g. , If the Redskins beat the Patriots](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-13.jpg)
![Total Ordering • aka – Chain, simply ordered set, totally ordered set • A Total Ordering • aka – Chain, simply ordered set, totally ordered set • A](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-14.jpg)
![POSET • Partially Ordered SET – A set on which a partial ordering is POSET • Partially Ordered SET – A set on which a partial ordering is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-15.jpg)
![Finite Automata A Deterministic semi-automaton*, aka Completely Specified Deterministic Semiautomaton Is a Triple with Finite Automata A Deterministic semi-automaton*, aka Completely Specified Deterministic Semiautomaton Is a Triple with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-16.jpg)
![FSM Set Properties S sa sc I ib FSM Set Properties S sa sc I ib](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-17.jpg)
![Language Recognizer • aka, Rabin-Scott Automata (machine), Automaton, Language Recognizer • A Recognizer Is Language Recognizer • aka, Rabin-Scott Automata (machine), Automaton, Language Recognizer • A Recognizer Is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-18.jpg)
![Kleene Star • a* = e, a, aaa, aaaa, . . . • The Kleene Star • a* = e, a, aaa, aaaa, . . . • The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-19.jpg)
![Kleene Closure • Kleene Closure Is Not Identical to Kleene Star – “*” Symbol Kleene Closure • Kleene Closure Is Not Identical to Kleene Star – “*” Symbol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-20.jpg)
![String • An Ordered Concatenation of Symbols From an Alphabet • Used in Place String • An Ordered Concatenation of Symbols From an Alphabet • Used in Place](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-21.jpg)
![Recognizer If x I*, i. e. , a string of input symbols selected from Recognizer If x I*, i. e. , a string of input symbols selected from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-22.jpg)
![Strings A String, x, Is Accepted by a Recognizer Left-most Letter First, i. e. Strings A String, x, Is Accepted by a Recognizer Left-most Letter First, i. e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-23.jpg)
![State Transition Let There Be Two Configurations for a Machine 1 q S q’ State Transition Let There Be Two Configurations for a Machine 1 q S q’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-24.jpg)
![String Example Let w=abba then w = a w’ and w’ = b b String Example Let w=abba then w = a w’ and w’ = b b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-25.jpg)
![Recognizer as Directed Graph • Arbitrary State q • State Transition q 1 • Recognizer as Directed Graph • Arbitrary State q • State Transition q 1 •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-26.jpg)
![Recognizer Examples Let I = { a, b } • Accepts no strings since Recognizer Examples Let I = { a, b } • Accepts no strings since](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-27.jpg)
![Recognizer Examples • Accepts only , the null string +/- a, b Recognizer Examples • Accepts only , the null string +/- a, b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-28.jpg)
![Recognizer Example This Recognizer Accepts the Language L= { ab, a (aa) b, . Recognizer Example This Recognizer Accepts the Language L= { ab, a (aa) b, .](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-29.jpg)
![Rabin-Scott Example Rabin-Scott Example](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-30.jpg)
![Rabin-Scott Example L (M) = { x I* | a 1 2 + + Rabin-Scott Example L (M) = { x I* | a 1 2 + +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-31.jpg)
![Non-Deterministic FSM A Non-deterministic Finite Automata Is a Quintuple with S, I, s 0, Non-Deterministic FSM A Non-deterministic Finite Automata Is a Quintuple with S, I, s 0,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-32.jpg)
![Non-Deterministic FSM • State May Change – to two different states in response to Non-Deterministic FSM • State May Change – to two different states in response to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-33.jpg)
![DFA-NDFA Theorem • Every NDFA Can Be Replaced by an Equivalent DFA • Equivalent DFA-NDFA Theorem • Every NDFA Can Be Replaced by an Equivalent DFA • Equivalent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-34.jpg)
![NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since ( ( 1, a ), 2 ) and ( ( NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since ( ( 1, a ), 2 ) and ( (](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-35.jpg)
![NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since Not Completely Specified ab 1 abb 4 NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since Not Completely Specified ab 1 abb 4](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-36.jpg)
![NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since State Changes in Response to a Null String. a 2 NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since State Changes in Response to a Null String. a 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-37.jpg)
![NDFA to DFA • Theorem – For each NDFA there is an equivalent DFA NDFA to DFA • Theorem – For each NDFA there is an equivalent DFA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-38.jpg)
![Problem: Missing Transitions • I = { a, b } • In DFA, all Problem: Missing Transitions • I = { a, b } • In DFA, all](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-39.jpg)
![Solution: Missing Transitions Add a “sink” state which is not a final state and Solution: Missing Transitions Add a “sink” state which is not a final state and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-40.jpg)
![Problem: | strings | > 1 • Single transition due to string of size Problem: | strings | > 1 • Single transition due to string of size](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-41.jpg)
![Problem: Strings Can’t just combine states since a b b a b a Problem: Strings Can’t just combine states since a b b a b a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-42.jpg)
![Solution: Strings & Multiple Transitions • Eliminate by defining the set of next states Solution: Strings & Multiple Transitions • Eliminate by defining the set of next states](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-43.jpg)
![NDFA Example 2 b a > 1 b 3 a 4 b a NDFA Example 2 b a > 1 b 3 a 4 b a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-44.jpg)
![State Equivalents E( 1 ) = {self, explicit alternative} = { 1, 3 } State Equivalents E( 1 ) = {self, explicit alternative} = { 1, 3 }](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-45.jpg)
![New Machine New Machine](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-46.jpg)
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-47.jpg)
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-48.jpg)
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-49.jpg)
![DFA Equivalent of NDFA DFA Equivalent of NDFA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-50.jpg)
![Reduced DFA Equivalent Reduced DFA Equivalent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-51.jpg)
- Slides: 51
![Equivalence DFA NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof K J Hintz Department of Electrical and Equivalence, DFA, NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-1.jpg)
Equivalence, DFA, NDFA Sequential Machine Theory Prof. K. J. Hintz Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lecture 2 Updated and modified by Marek Perkowski
![Equivalence Relation on A An Equivalence Relation Not Relationship Is Not an Equality Equivalence Relation on A • An Equivalence Relation (Not Relationship) Is Not an Equality](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-2.jpg)
Equivalence Relation on A • An Equivalence Relation (Not Relationship) Is Not an Equality Relation • A Relation is an Equivalence Relation if and only if (iff) it is: – Reflexive – Symmetric – Transitive
![Equivalence Relation on A Equivalence Relation on A](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-3.jpg)
Equivalence Relation on A
![NonAlgebraic Equivalence Relation Example Equivalence Relation on the Set of All Triangles on a Non-Algebraic Equivalence Relation Example Equivalence Relation on the Set of All Triangles on a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-4.jpg)
Non-Algebraic Equivalence Relation Example Equivalence Relation on the Set of All Triangles on a Plane “is congruent to” or “is similar to” – Reflexive, each triangle is similar to itself,
![Equivalence Relation Example Symmetric if is similar to then is similar to Equivalence Relation Example Symmetric, if is similar to then is similar to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-5.jpg)
Equivalence Relation Example Symmetric, if is similar to then is similar to
![Equivalence Relation Example Transitive if is similar to and is similar to then is Equivalence Relation Example Transitive, if is similar to and is similar to then is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-6.jpg)
Equivalence Relation Example Transitive, if is similar to and is similar to then is similar to
![Inclusion Relation Inclusion Relation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-7.jpg)
Inclusion Relation
![Inclusion Relation Example Inclusion Relation Example](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-8.jpg)
Inclusion Relation Example
![Partition Notation Overbar Indicates States Which Are Elements of the Same block Partition Notation • Overbar Indicates States Which Are Elements of the Same -block. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-9.jpg)
Partition Notation • Overbar Indicates States Which Are Elements of the Same -block. • Single States Are Not Normally Listed
![Relations May Be Orderings Partial Ordering Total Ordering aka Chain Well Relations May Be Orderings • Partial Ordering • Total Ordering, aka Chain • Well](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-10.jpg)
Relations May Be Orderings • Partial Ordering • Total Ordering, aka Chain • Well Ordering (not discussed here)
![Partial Ordering Given an Inclusion Relation R s s Defined on some Elements Partial Ordering • Given an Inclusion Relation, R: s s’, Defined on some Elements](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-11.jpg)
Partial Ordering • Given an Inclusion Relation, R: s s’, Defined on some Elements of the Set S such that s, s’ S, R Is a Partial Ordering If It Is: – Reflexive – Anti-Symmetric (asymmetric) – Transitive – Not all orderings are specified, therefore partial
![Properties of PO Reflexive s s for all s S AntiSymmetric Properties of PO – Reflexive • s s for all s S – Anti-Symmetric](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-12.jpg)
Properties of PO – Reflexive • s s for all s S – Anti-Symmetric (asymmetric) e. g. , let than” : “older if Sam is older than Bill, then Bill cannot be older than Sam
![Properties of PO Transitive e g If the Redskins beat the Patriots Properties of PO – Transitive e. g. , If the Redskins beat the Patriots](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-13.jpg)
Properties of PO – Transitive e. g. , If the Redskins beat the Patriots and the Patriots beat the Cowboys then the Redskins will beat the Cowboys
![Total Ordering aka Chain simply ordered set totally ordered set A Total Ordering • aka – Chain, simply ordered set, totally ordered set • A](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-14.jpg)
Total Ordering • aka – Chain, simply ordered set, totally ordered set • A Partial Ordering for Which All Orderings Are Specified • A Chain Is “Connected” Because
![POSET Partially Ordered SET A set on which a partial ordering is POSET • Partially Ordered SET – A set on which a partial ordering is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-15.jpg)
POSET • Partially Ordered SET – A set on which a partial ordering is specified – ( S, ) where is defined – Not a chain since not all elements are connected • We Will Revisit This Concept in a later part of the Course
![Finite Automata A Deterministic semiautomaton aka Completely Specified Deterministic Semiautomaton Is a Triple with Finite Automata A Deterministic semi-automaton*, aka Completely Specified Deterministic Semiautomaton Is a Triple with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-16.jpg)
Finite Automata A Deterministic semi-automaton*, aka Completely Specified Deterministic Semiautomaton Is a Triple with no Mealy machine output function, Beta ( ) * Ginzburg, 1968
![FSM Set Properties S sa sc I ib FSM Set Properties S sa sc I ib](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-17.jpg)
FSM Set Properties S sa sc I ib
![Language Recognizer aka RabinScott Automata machine Automaton Language Recognizer A Recognizer Is Language Recognizer • aka, Rabin-Scott Automata (machine), Automaton, Language Recognizer • A Recognizer Is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-18.jpg)
Language Recognizer • aka, Rabin-Scott Automata (machine), Automaton, Language Recognizer • A Recognizer Is a Quintuple of Sets with S, I, as before
![Kleene Star a e a aaa aaaa The Kleene Star • a* = e, a, aaa, aaaa, . . . • The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-19.jpg)
Kleene Star • a* = e, a, aaa, aaaa, . . . • The Kleene Star, *, means NONE or more occurrences of something • Star is an overloaded operator so be aware of context • a+= ONE or more occurrences of something. • a+ is Kleene Star less the null string, .
![Kleene Closure Kleene Closure Is Not Identical to Kleene Star Symbol Kleene Closure • Kleene Closure Is Not Identical to Kleene Star – “*” Symbol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-20.jpg)
Kleene Closure • Kleene Closure Is Not Identical to Kleene Star – “*” Symbol is the same (overloaded) • Kleene Closure/Star Closure – Found in descriptions of formal language – Language consisting of all strings over some alphabet
![String An Ordered Concatenation of Symbols From an Alphabet Used in Place String • An Ordered Concatenation of Symbols From an Alphabet • Used in Place](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-21.jpg)
String • An Ordered Concatenation of Symbols From an Alphabet • Used in Place of “Word” to Decouple From Common Concept of Word in Informal Language • If = { a, 1, 0, b, % } then a “ 1%0 b” is a string.
![Recognizer If x I i e a string of input symbols selected from Recognizer If x I*, i. e. , a string of input symbols selected from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-22.jpg)
Recognizer If x I*, i. e. , a string of input symbols selected from the set of allowable input symbols, and the application of x to the recognizer results in a final state F, then the recognizer “accepts” the string.
![Strings A String x Is Accepted by a Recognizer Leftmost Letter First i e Strings A String, x, Is Accepted by a Recognizer Left-most Letter First, i. e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-23.jpg)
Strings A String, x, Is Accepted by a Recognizer Left-most Letter First, i. e. , if the input to a recognizer is a string w, and if w= w’ then is the first letter of the string which causes a state transition. Subsequent letters from left to right do the same.
![State Transition Let There Be Two Configurations for a Machine 1 q S q State Transition Let There Be Two Configurations for a Machine 1 q S q’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-24.jpg)
State Transition Let There Be Two Configurations for a Machine 1 q S q’
![String Example Let wabba then w a w and w b b String Example Let w=abba then w = a w’ and w’ = b b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-25.jpg)
String Example Let w=abba then w = a w’ and w’ = b b a
![Recognizer as Directed Graph Arbitrary State q State Transition q 1 Recognizer as Directed Graph • Arbitrary State q • State Transition q 1 •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-26.jpg)
Recognizer as Directed Graph • Arbitrary State q • State Transition q 1 • Start (initial) State - or • Final State + or q’
![Recognizer Examples Let I a b Accepts no strings since Recognizer Examples Let I = { a, b } • Accepts no strings since](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-27.jpg)
Recognizer Examples Let I = { a, b } • Accepts no strings since no final state a, b • Accepts all strings a, b • Dead State a, b -
![Recognizer Examples Accepts only the null string a b Recognizer Examples • Accepts only , the null string +/- a, b](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-28.jpg)
Recognizer Examples • Accepts only , the null string +/- a, b
![Recognizer Example This Recognizer Accepts the Language L ab a aa b Recognizer Example This Recognizer Accepts the Language L= { ab, a (aa) b, .](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-29.jpg)
Recognizer Example This Recognizer Accepts the Language L= { ab, a (aa) b, . . . ab (bb), . . . } a a L = a (aa)* b b
![RabinScott Example Rabin-Scott Example](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-30.jpg)
Rabin-Scott Example
![RabinScott Example L M x I a 1 2 Rabin-Scott Example L (M) = { x I* | a 1 2 + +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-31.jpg)
Rabin-Scott Example L (M) = { x I* | a 1 2 + + ; * ( 1, x ) = 4 } ; a 3 a+; L (M) = { a; , a+a+a; , . . . } 4
![NonDeterministic FSM A Nondeterministic Finite Automata Is a Quintuple with S I s 0 Non-Deterministic FSM A Non-deterministic Finite Automata Is a Quintuple with S, I, s 0,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-32.jpg)
Non-Deterministic FSM A Non-deterministic Finite Automata Is a Quintuple with S, I, s 0, F as in a recognizer, but,
![NonDeterministic FSM State May Change to two different states in response to Non-Deterministic FSM • State May Change – to two different states in response to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-33.jpg)
Non-Deterministic FSM • State May Change – to two different states in response to the same input at the same state – in response to a string rather than just a single element from the set of inputs – in response to a null string input
![DFANDFA Theorem Every NDFA Can Be Replaced by an Equivalent DFA Equivalent DFA-NDFA Theorem • Every NDFA Can Be Replaced by an Equivalent DFA • Equivalent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-34.jpg)
DFA-NDFA Theorem • Every NDFA Can Be Replaced by an Equivalent DFA • Equivalent Means Not Only Accepting All Strings Accepted by the NDFA, but Also NOT Accepting Any Others
![NDFA Example Nondeterministic Since 1 a 2 and NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since ( ( 1, a ), 2 ) and ( (](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-35.jpg)
NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since ( ( 1, a ), 2 ) and ( ( 1, a ), 3 ) a 2 11 a b b 3 4
![NDFA Example Nondeterministic Since Not Completely Specified ab 1 abb 4 NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since Not Completely Specified ab 1 abb 4](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-36.jpg)
NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since Not Completely Specified ab 1 abb 4
![NDFA Example Nondeterministic Since State Changes in Response to a Null String a 2 NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since State Changes in Response to a Null String. a 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-37.jpg)
NDFA Example Non-deterministic Since State Changes in Response to a Null String. a 2 1 a b 3 bb 4
![NDFA to DFA Theorem For each NDFA there is an equivalent DFA NDFA to DFA • Theorem – For each NDFA there is an equivalent DFA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-38.jpg)
NDFA to DFA • Theorem – For each NDFA there is an equivalent DFA • Constructive Proof • 4 Difficulties to Resolve – Missing transitions – Single transitions due to | strings | > 1 – Transitions due to strings – Multiple transitions
![Problem Missing Transitions I a b In DFA all Problem: Missing Transitions • I = { a, b } • In DFA, all](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-39.jpg)
Problem: Missing Transitions • I = { a, b } • In DFA, all i I must be accounted for in each state a b ?
![Solution Missing Transitions Add a sink state which is not a final state and Solution: Missing Transitions Add a “sink” state which is not a final state and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-40.jpg)
Solution: Missing Transitions Add a “sink” state which is not a final state and terminate all missing transitions there. a a, b b a, b
![Problem strings 1 Single transition due to string of size Problem: | strings | > 1 • Single transition due to string of size](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-41.jpg)
Problem: | strings | > 1 • Single transition due to string of size > 1 • Add intermediate states and “sink”, other characters in those states go to “sink” state a b ab a a, b
![Problem Strings Cant just combine states since a b b a b a Problem: Strings Can’t just combine states since a b b a b a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-42.jpg)
Problem: Strings Can’t just combine states since a b b a b a
![Solution Strings Multiple Transitions Eliminate by defining the set of next states Solution: Strings & Multiple Transitions • Eliminate by defining the set of next states](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-43.jpg)
Solution: Strings & Multiple Transitions • Eliminate by defining the set of next states which occur in response to no input, call this function E( ) • E( ) is called the “equivalents of ( )
![NDFA Example 2 b a 1 b 3 a 4 b a NDFA Example 2 b a > 1 b 3 a 4 b a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-44.jpg)
NDFA Example 2 b a > 1 b 3 a 4 b a
![State Equivalents E 1 self explicit alternative 1 3 State Equivalents E( 1 ) = {self, explicit alternative} = { 1, 3 }](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-45.jpg)
State Equivalents E( 1 ) = {self, explicit alternative} = { 1, 3 } E( 2 ) = { 2 } E( 3 ) = { 3 } E( 4 ) = { 4 } • Define a new machine based on the old using the E( ) states
![New Machine New Machine](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-46.jpg)
New Machine
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-47.jpg)
New Machine Transition Table
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-48.jpg)
New Machine Transition Table
![New Machine Transition Table New Machine Transition Table](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-49.jpg)
New Machine Transition Table
![DFA Equivalent of NDFA DFA Equivalent of NDFA](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-50.jpg)
DFA Equivalent of NDFA
![Reduced DFA Equivalent Reduced DFA Equivalent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9a991008c1809f55c60592dd01c0742f/image-51.jpg)
Reduced DFA Equivalent
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