Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

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Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Muscular tissue. Nervous tissue. Skin

Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Muscular tissue. Nervous tissue. Skin

Learning Objectives • Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions. •

Learning Objectives • Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions. • Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type. • Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues. • Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.

Learning Objectives • Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane.

Learning Objectives • Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane. • Describe three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. • Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.

Tissues of the Body: An Introduction Tissues and tissue types • Tissues are: •

Tissues of the Body: An Introduction Tissues and tissue types • Tissues are: • Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions • Histology = study of tissues • The four tissue types are: • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous

Tissues and tissue types Epithelial tissue • Includes glands and epithelium • Glands are

Tissues and tissue types Epithelial tissue • Includes glands and epithelium • Glands are secretory • Is avascular • Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability • Cells may show polarity

Functions of epithelium • Physical protection • Control permeability • Provide sensation • Produce

Functions of epithelium • Physical protection • Control permeability • Provide sensation • Produce specialized secretions

Specializations of epithelium • Perform secretory functions • Perform transport functions • Maintain physical

Specializations of epithelium • Perform secretory functions • Perform transport functions • Maintain physical integrity • Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface

The Polarity of Epithelial Cells

The Polarity of Epithelial Cells

Maintaining the integrity of epithelium • Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) •

Maintaining the integrity of epithelium • Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) • Cells attach at specialized cell junctions • Tight junctions • Desmosomes • Gap junctions

Intercellular connections Animation: check tutorials

Intercellular connections Animation: check tutorials

Structure of typical epithelium • Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface • Lamina lucida

Structure of typical epithelium • Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface • Lamina lucida • Lamina densa • Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells

Classification of epithelia • Number of cell layers • Simple • Stratified • Shape

Classification of epithelia • Number of cell layers • Simple • Stratified • Shape of apical surface cells • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar

Squamous Epithelia

Squamous Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Transitional Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Glandular epithelia • Exocrine glands • Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the

Glandular epithelia • Exocrine glands • Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland • Endocrine glands • Release hormones into surrounding fluid

Glandular secretions can be: • Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) • Apocrine (involves the

Glandular secretions can be: • Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) • Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm) • Holocrine (destroys the cell)

Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion (check tutorial)

Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion (check tutorial)

Glands • Unicellular • Individual secretory cells • Multicellular • Organs containing glandular epithelium

Glands • Unicellular • Individual secretory cells • Multicellular • Organs containing glandular epithelium • Classified according to structure

A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

Connective Tissues Connective tissue functions: • • • Establishing a structural framework Transporting fluids

Connective Tissues Connective tissue functions: • • • Establishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reserves Defending the body from microorganisms

A Classification of Connective Tissues

A Classification of Connective Tissues

Connective tissues contain • Specialized cells • Matrix • Composed of extracellular protein fibers

Connective tissues contain • Specialized cells • Matrix • Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

Connective tissue proper • Contains varied cell populations • Contains various fiber types •

Connective tissue proper • Contains varied cell populations • Contains various fiber types • A syrupy ground substance

Fluid connective tissue • Contains a distinctive cell population • Watery ground substance with

Fluid connective tissue • Contains a distinctive cell population • Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins • Two types • Blood • Lymph

Supporting connective tissues • Less diverse cell population • Dense ground substance • Closely

Supporting connective tissues • Less diverse cell population • Dense ground substance • Closely packed fibers • Two types • Cartilage • Bone

Connective tissue proper • Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell

Connective tissue proper • Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population • Fibroblasts • Macrophage • Adipocytes • Mesenchymal cells • Melanocytes • Mast cells • Lymphocytes • Microphages

Connective tissue proper • Three types of fiber • Collagen fibers • Reticular fibers

Connective tissue proper • Three types of fiber • Collagen fibers • Reticular fibers • Elastic fibers

Connective tissue proper • Classified as loose or dense • Loose • Embryonic mesenchyme,

Connective tissue proper • Classified as loose or dense • Loose • Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues • Areolar tissue • Adipose tissue • Reticular tissue • Dense regular CT • Dense irregular CT

The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

Connective Tissue in Embryos

Connective Tissue in Embryos

Adipose and Reticular Tissues

Adipose and Reticular Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Fluid connective tissues • Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix • Blood

Fluid connective tissues • Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix • Blood • Formed elements and plasma • Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets • Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart • Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid • Lymph • Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels

Formed Elements of the Blood

Formed Elements of the Blood

Supporting connective tissues • Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body •

Supporting connective tissues • Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body • Cartilage • Grows via interstitial and appositional growth • Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate • Cells called chondrocytes • Cells found in lacunae • Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues • Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

Bone, or osseus tissue • Has osteocytes • Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for

Bone, or osseus tissue • Has osteocytes • Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients • Little ground substance • Dense mineralized matrix • Surrounded by periosteum

Bone

Bone

Membranes are simple organs • Form a barrier • Composed of epithelium and connective

Membranes are simple organs • Form a barrier • Composed of epithelium and connective tissue • Four types • Cutaneous • Synovial • Serous • Mucous

Membranes

Membranes

Mucous membranes • Line cavities that communicate with the exterior • Contain lamina propria

Mucous membranes • Line cavities that communicate with the exterior • Contain lamina propria

Serous membranes • Line sealed internal cavities • Form transudate

Serous membranes • Line sealed internal cavities • Form transudate

Membranes continue • Cutaneous membrane • Covers the body surface • Synovial membrane •

Membranes continue • Cutaneous membrane • Covers the body surface • Synovial membrane • Incomplete lining within joint cavities

The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body Organs and systems are interconnected • Network

The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body Organs and systems are interconnected • Network of connective tissue proper consisting of • Superficial fascia • Deep fascia • Subserous fascia

The Fasciae

The Fasciae

Muscle tissue • Specialized for contraction • Three types • Skeletal • Cardiac •

Muscle tissue • Specialized for contraction • Three types • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle • Cells are multinucleate • Striated voluntary muscle • Divides via satellite

Skeletal muscle • Cells are multinucleate • Striated voluntary muscle • Divides via satellite cells

Cardiac muscle • Cardiocytes occur only in the heart • Striated involuntary muscle •

Cardiac muscle • Cardiocytes occur only in the heart • Striated involuntary muscle • Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

Smooth muscle tissue • Non-striated involuntary muscle • Can divide and regenerate

Smooth muscle tissue • Non-striated involuntary muscle • Can divide and regenerate

Neural tissue • Conducts electrical impulses • Conveys information from one area to another

Neural tissue • Conducts electrical impulses • Conveys information from one area to another

Neural tissue cells • Neurons • Transmit information • Neuroglia • Support neural tissue

Neural tissue cells • Neurons • Transmit information • Neuroglia • Support neural tissue • Help supply nutrients to neurons

Neural Tissue

Neural Tissue

Neural anatomy • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon (nerve fiber) • Carries information

Neural anatomy • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon (nerve fiber) • Carries information to other neurons

Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammation and regeneration • Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion

Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammation and regeneration • Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion • Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration

Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammatory response • Isolates injured area • Damaged cells, tissue

Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammatory response • Isolates injured area • Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed • Infection avoided • Regeneration restores normal function

An Introduction to Inflammation

An Introduction to Inflammation

Aging and tissue repair • Change with age • Repair and maintenance less efficient

Aging and tissue repair • Change with age • Repair and maintenance less efficient • Structure altered • Chemical composition altered

Aging and cancer incidence • Incidence of cancer increases with age • 70 -80%

Aging and cancer incidence • Incidence of cancer increases with age • 70 -80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors

Changes in a Tissue under Stress

Changes in a Tissue under Stress

You should now be familiar with: • The four major tissue types and their

You should now be familiar with: • The four major tissue types and their functions. • The relationship between form and function for each tissue type. • The types and functions of epithelial tissues. • The structure and function of connective tissues. • The structure and function of the four types of membrane. • The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. • The basic structure and role of neural tissue.