EOI Review Pictures Biology EOI next week 1
EOI Review Pictures Biology EOI next week!
1 Pyramid of Energy • Illustrates that the amount of available energy _______ at each decreases succeeding trophic level. Heat 0. 1% Consumers 10% Heat Consumers 100% Producers Heat Pa r dec asit lev omp es, s el. ose cav rs eng fee ers da , a t e nd ach
2 Pyramid of Numbers Fox (1) Birds (25) Grasshoppers (250) Grasses (3000) • Shows that population sizes ____ decreases at each higher trophic level.
3 Pyramid of Biomass • The total weight of living matter at each trophic level. It represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level. 1 kilogram of human tissue 10 kilograms of beef 100 kilograms of grain
4 The nitrogen cycle Nitrogen in the atmosphere Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil. Dead plant Urine from matter Decomposing animals organisms Assimilated by plants Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Released to the atmosphere Nitrogen compounds released into soils and acted upon by soil bacteria Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogencontaining compounds are released. Converted to other nitrogen compounds by soil bacteria
Food Web 5 Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles) Pronghorn antelope Gambel quail Jackrabbit Long-tail weasel Desert tortoise Prickly pear cactus Coyote (top carnivore) Roadrunner Kangaroo rat (seed eater) ants Texas horned lizard Red spotted toad Mexican whiptail lizard Mojave rattlesnake
6 Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Runoff Evaporation Oceans Groundwater Evaporation Transpiration
7 • Two hydrogen atoms can combine with each other by sharing their electrons. • Each atom becomes stable by _______ sharing its electron with the other atom. Covalent bond Hydrogen molecule
8 Solution • a mixture in which one or more substances (______) solutes are distributed evenly in another solvent substance (______). • Sugar molecules in a powdered drink mix dissolve easily in water.
9 The results of diffusion • When a cell is in dynamic equilibrium ___________ with its environment, materials move into and out of the cell at equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. Material moving out of cell equals material moving into cell
10 Mendel • Who chose to use the garden pea in his _____ experiments for several reasons? • Garden pea plants reproduce sexually, which means that they produce male and gametes female sex cells, called ____.
11 The rule of dominance • An uppercase letter is used for the dominant allele and a lowercase letter for the recessive allele. • The dominant allele is always written first…rule of ? Short plant Tall plant t T T t t T F 1 All tall plants T t
12 Monohybrid crosses Heterozygous tall parent T T T t t T T TT Tt t t Tt tt t Heterozygous tall parent • A Punnett square for this cross is two boxes tall and two boxes wide because each parent can produce two kinds of gametes for this trait.
13 Dihybrid cross Gametes from Rr. Yy parent Ry RY r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy RRYy Rryy Rr. YY Rr. Yy rr. YY rr. Yy Rryy rr. Yy rryy Gametes from Rr. Yy parent RY Ry r. Y ry • four boxes on each side for a total of 16 boxes.
14 meiosis Haploid gametes (n=23) Sperm Cell Egg Cell Fertilization Diploid zygote (2 n=46) Multicellular diploid adults (2 n=46) • This pattern of reproduction, involving the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells, is called sexual reproduction ________.
15 Homologous Chromosome a A Terminal Inflated Tall Axial D d T t Constricted Short The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell are called this. Each has genes for the same traits.
16 Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Chordata Phylum Class Mammalia Carnivora Order Family Genus Felidae Lynx Species. Lynx rufus canadensis Bobcat Lynx
17 Cladistics Allosaurus Velociraptor Robin Archaeopteryx Sinornis Theropods Feathers with Flight feathers; 3 -toed foot; Down Light bones arms as long shaft, veins, wishbone feathers as legs and barbs
18 Life History Patterns • Biologists study the factor that determines population growth—an organism’s reproductive pattern, also called its ? ? ? Rapid growth Slow growth Unpredictable environment Small body size Large body size Mature rapidly Mature slowly Reproduce early Reproduce late Short life span Long-lived Ex: Bacteria Ex: human, tree
• Limiting factors, such as availability of food, disease, predators, or lack of space, will cause population growth to slow. • Under these pressures, the population may stabilize in an S-shaped growth curve. • The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its ? ? ? carrying capacity 19
• The graph of a growing population starts out slowly, then begins to resemble a J-shaped curve. exponential • Illustrates ________ population growth, meaning that as a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate. Population size Population Growth of Houseflies One year 20
21 Active transport • A) Process that requires energy in which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient • B)
22 Endocytosis • A) Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane • B)
23 Exocytosis • A) Active transport process by which materials are expelled from a cell • B)
24 Facilitated diffusion • A) Passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins in the plasma membrane • B)
25 Hypertonic solution • A) In cells, solution which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell…more water inside and less water outside…water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink
26 Hypotonic solution • A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell…more water outside and less water inside…water enters the cell, causing the cell to swell
27 Isotonic solution • A) In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell.
28 Osmosis • A) Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane • B)
29 Passive transport • A) Movement of particles across a cell membrane by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move the particles • B)
30 Anaphase • A) 3 rd phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules • B)
31 Cell cycle • A) Continuous sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell • B)
32 Centriole • A) In animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase • B)
33 Centromere • A) Cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatids of a chromosome • B)
34 Chromatin • A) Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes • B)
35 Chromosome • A) Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells • B)
36 Cytokinesis • A) Cell process following mitosis or meiosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells. • B)
37 Metaphase • A) 2 nd phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber. • B)
38 Mitosis • A) Period of nuclear cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. • B)
39 Prophase • A) 1 st and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes. • B)
40 Sister chromatid • A) Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere. • B) Sister chromatids
41 Spindle • A) Cell structures composed of microtubules; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids. • B)
42 Telophase • A) Final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for their own independent existence. • B)
43 Gene • A) Segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle. • B)
44 • Incomplete Dominance • appearance of a 3 rd phenotype. • Example: A homozygous red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a homozygous whiteflowered plant (R’R’), all of the F 1 generation offspring will have PINK flowers (RR’). R’ R’ R R RR’ RR’
45 • Codominance • Expression of both alleles • Example: Black (BB) rooster crossed with a white (WW) hen = checkered (BW) black and white. (Incomplete dominance would have been gray!)
46 • Traits controlled by more than 2 alleles have this… • multiple alleles • Example: Pigeons have 3 alleles that control feather color. • BA = ash red • B = blue • b = chocolate
47 • The 23 rd pair of chromosomes in humans sex ______and chromosomes are ___ determine the sex of the offspring. XX = female XY = male
48 • Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes • sex-linked traits
49 • Polygenic inheritance • pattern of a trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes. • Example: eye color, skin color, height (Aa. Bb. Cc…)
50 • Pedigree • graphic of genetic inheritance = Male = Parents = Female = affected Male = Siblings = affected Female = known heterozygous “carriers” = Mating = Death
51 Darwin on HMS Beagle ____
52 camouflage • ______, an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings. • Because of this, organisms are not easily found by predators and they survive to reproduce.
53 • Structural features with a common evolutionary homologous structures origin are called __________. • can be similar in arrangement, in function, or in both. Crocodile forelimb Whale forelimb Bird wing
54 • The body parts of organisms that DO NOT have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in analogous structures function are called __________.
55 Vestigial structures • such as pelvic bones in the baleen whale, are evidence of evolution because they show structural ____ change over time.
56 • _________ Stabilizing selection is a natural selection that favors average individuals in a population. Selection for average size spiders Normal variation
57 selection occurs when natural • Directional _________ selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait. Normal variation Selection for longer beaks
58 disruptive selection individuals with either • In ________, extreme of a trait’s variation are selected for. Selection for light limpets Normal variation Selection for dark limpets
59 Light-Dependent Reactions • At each step along the transport chain, the electrons lose energy…this energy may be used to make ATP or to hum hydrogen ions into the thylakoid disc. (2) • Electrons are reenergized in a 2 nd photosystem and passed down a 2 nd electron transport chain. Sun Light energy transfers to chlorophyll. Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport chain. Energized electrons provide energy that splits bonds P to ADP H 2 O forming oxygen H+ ATP NADP+ released NADPH for the use in light-independent reactions
Glycolysis 60 • A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound. • The source of energy for the first step comes from the conversion of 2 molecules of ATP to 2 molecules of ADP. (1) 4 ATP 2 ATP Glucose 2 ADP 4 ADP + 4 P 2 PGAL 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
61 Forming and Breaking Down ATP • The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell bonds are broken down when the ____________. Adenosine P P P Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) P P Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine P P
This is the SCIENTIFIC METHOD… 6 steps…you should really learn it 62 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Make Observations Identify a Problem Hypothesis Experiment Results/Data Conclusions/Findings
63 . g s 8 ml t 5 n 1 e. d u t s 25 _______ Quantitative Data information expressed in numbers 137 . 2 K m. 20 s g g e
- Slides: 64
