EOG Review Material Earth History Evolution Energy Transfer

EOG Review Material Earth History, Evolution, Energy Transfer, Chemistry, Ecology 8 th Grade Science

Test taking strategies The information that we will cover is all review. You have seen it before. Today we are working on answering higher level thinking questions from past material. Things you need to do. You should be able to answer the questions and provide a justification. Showing justification shows true mastery. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Read the entire question Read ALL the answer choices. Highlight key vocabulary words and context clues. What is the question really asking you? Process of elimination. You should be able to cross out at least 2 incorrect response. This will increase your chances of selecting the correct response. Pick the best answer. If you can’t answer the question skip it and move on to the next. When you are done go back and answer the questions you did not. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!!!!! If you finish early, please go back and check your answers.

Law of Superposition Law of superposition states that the older layer is on the bottom and the younger is on top. Unconformity- a layer of missing rock caused by erosion (if it takes place) or deposition (if it is not taking place). Deposition- addition/accumulation of new material Erosion – the wearing away of material

According to the Law of Superposition at which dept in a multi-layered rock formation will the oldest rock likely be found? 10 m B. 50 m C. 300 m D. 500 m A.

Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of superposition? Relative dating B. Absolute dating C. Radioactive dating D. Radiometric dating A.

Which of the following uses layered sedimentary rock to tell which events on Earth occurred before other events? Absolute Age B. Unconformity C. Relative Age D. Plate Tectonics A.

The diagram below shows fossils in sedimentary rocks. Which layers most likely would provide fossil evidence of an ancestor common to the organisms found in both layers 2 and 3? A. B. Layer 1 Layer 2 C. Layer 3 D. Layer 4

Continental Drift Evidence : 1. Continents fit like puzzle pieces 2. Identical fossils found on different continents 3. Identical rock sequence (geology) 4. Ancient climate (example topical fossils found on Antarctica) Continents spread apart this theory didn’t explain the forces that moved it but Theory of Plate tectonics did!! Convection currents in the mantle.

A scientist finds fossils from the same organism in both India and Africa. What is a possible explanation for the presence of these fossils on two different continents? �A. Adaptation �B. Continental Drift �C. Climate Change �D. Law of superposition

Some of the same species of plants are found in Africa and Australia. Which best explains this discovery? A. B. C. D. Land bridge Continental drift Climate changes Species extinction Which statement best explains why fossils of both ocean animals, such as starfish, and land animals, such as insects, are found inland in Australia? A. Not all former life was preserved as fossils. B. Ocean animals migrated several miles inland. C. Ocean water covered the land millions of years ago. D. Volcanoes erupted, and the animals were preserved in the lava

Which is evidence of the separation of a supercontinent? A. continents located in tropical regions B. tracing human ancestry to several original groups C. mountains ranges that begin on one continent and continue on another D. animals that develop differently depending on which continent they live

If identical fossil remains of plants and animals that lived 175 million years ago were found in Iceland, Europe, Africa and Brazil, what would be the best conclusion? Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil were all once part of the mid. Atlantic ridge. B. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent occurred less than 175 million years ago. C. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent occurred more than 175 million years ago. D. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil currently have the sane animals inhabiting them. A.

Evolution (means to change) The geologic time scale is a record of earth’s history which is categorized by major events (example 1 st form of life). Mass extinction- large amount of organisms die example of events that can cause this are volcanoes and asteroids. Natural selection/adaptation- organism change in response to their environment. (Darwin’s finches their beaks matched what they ate) The greater the diversity the greater the chances are for that species to survive during environmental changes. Those traits that increase survival are passed on from generation to generation.

Which best explains why some species of animals are found living only in certain groups of islands and nowhere else in the world? A. B. C. D. The islands have similar climates. The islands are geographically isolated There are few natural predators found there. The food these animals eat is only found there.

Atomic Structure Elements are made up of atoms. Elements can be found on the periodic table (YOU WILL HAVE ONE FOR THE EOG) Formulas Atomic # (TOP #)= # protons = #electrons Mass#(bottom#)= # protons + # neutrons *** to calculate # neutrons = Mass# - Atomic # Subatomic Particle Charge Location Proton Positive charge Located inside of the nucleus Neutron No charge/neutral Located inside of the nucleus Electron Negative charge Outside the nucleus

Periodic Table review Elements in the same groups(vertical column) react and behave similarly. � Elements are given a symbol including a capital letter and sometimes a lower case letter. EXAMPLE C –Carbon and Co-Cobalt � Important groups: 1 - alkali metal most reactive, 2 alkaline metals, 17 halogens, 18 -noble gases (inert not to react). � Group 1 Alkali Metals Most reactive Group 2 Alkaline Metals Reactive Group 17 Halogens Example Cl Group 18 Noble gas Inert (not to react) Most of the elements are metals. � Elements are : natural (occur in nature) or synthetic (man-made) synthetic elements are the group at the bottom. �

Which is true for any element? Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons B. Atomic number = number of protons C. Atomic number = number of protons + number of neutrons D. Atomic number = number of protons, electrons, and neutrons A.

Which is true of all elements? They have no physical properties. B. They are solids at room temperature. C. They break down during chemical reactions. D. They are each composed of only kind of atom. A.

What are the basic materials that form all living and nonliving substances through different combinations? Chemicals B. Compounds C. Elements D. Gases A.

What are electrons? a. positively charged particles b. negatively charged particles c. particles with no charge d. particles whose charge can change

All of the Electrons �Bohr Model of the atom: All of the ? A. protons, neutrons, and electrons B. only electrons C. protons and neutrons D. electrons and protons

Element 1 2 3 4 Protons 11 22 11 11 Neutrons 11 22 23 12 Electrons 11 22 11 11 Which element represents an atom of sodium? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

According to the periodic table, which one represents a carbon atom? A B C D

Metals Metalloids Non-Metals Most common silicon Shiny Yes Sometimes No- Dull Malleable (Easily Shaped) Yesexample Aluminum foil Sometimes No Conducts Electricity Yes Sometimes Semi- conductors used in computer chips No Location Left Staircase Right

NASA is developing easily compacted materials that will be stored in the International Space Station. What characteristics should These materials have? Electrical conductivity B. Magnetism C. Solubility D. malleability A.

�In a sample of the element potassium, each atom has A. 19 protons B. 20 neutrons C. 39 protons and neutrons D. 39 neutrons

Element, Compound, Mixture

Table Sugar Element, Compound, or Mixture?

Copper Element, Compound, or Mixture?

Rocks Element, Compound, or Mixture?

Physical vs Chemical change Physical Change Chemical change Density Gas-bubbles produced Melting Point Temperature change Boiling Point Color change Phase change (solid to Precipitate – solid liquid) forms Specific Heat is a unique temperature for a specific substance example water freezes at 0⁰ Celsius.

Which shows one example of a physical change and one example of a chemical change? �A boiling water and melting wax �B rusting iron and baking a cake �C dissolving powder and shredding paper �D freezing water and burning coal

Law of Conservation of Mass �Matter nor mass is created or destroyed, it can only be rearranged. �In a chemical equation the total mass in the reactants must equal the total mass in the product

Which substance cannot be decomposed by a chemical change? a) NH 3 b) C c) CH 4 d) H 2 O

How many atoms are there in one molecule of the compound 2 Al 2 O 3? a) 4 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen b) 5 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen c) 2 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen d) 4 atoms of aluminum and 6 atoms of oxygen

Energy Transfer � All organisms require energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc. . � The SUN is the ultimate source of energy without it, the most basic forms of life would not exist � Food(nutrients-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, lipids) provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all organisms � Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells � Proteins – helps build and repair muscle � Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy

Energy Transfer � Photosynthesis- Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose � Cellular Respiration- is the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose

Where do plants get most of the energy they need to live and grow? A water B soil C air D sunlight Which food provides the most energy for the body in the shortest amount of time? A potato B meat C milk D fruit Why is protein an important part of a healthy diet? A It is needed to change glucose to energy. B It is needed to store nutrients. C It is needed to repair tissue. D It is needed to produce water.

Ecosystem- all biotic (living) factors & abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in an environment Producers- Organism that make their own food by capturing energy from the sun Consumers- are organisms that feed on other organisms.

Energy flows from sun to organism

The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is called a food chain A food chain is simple and direct It involves one organism at each trophic level -Primary Consumers – eat producers -Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers -Tertiary Consumer-eat the secondary consumer -Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

Ecological Interactions can affect distribution and abundance and influence evolution. Parasitism – one species feeds on another enhances fitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host Mutualism – two species provide resources or services to each other enhances fitness of both species Commensalism – one species receives a benefit from another species enhances fitness of one species; no effect on fitness of the other species Symbiosis – two species live together can include parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

Kudzu vines grow by climbing and wrapping around trees. Trees covered by kudzu can die because they are starved of sunlight. What type of relationship exists between the trees and the kudzu growing on them? A competition B mutualism C parasitism D predator-prey

The remora fish uses suckers on its head to attach itself to a shark. It then eats the bacteria living on the shark’s skin. The bacteria is cleaned from the shark and the remora fish gets a nice meal. What type of relationship bests describes this interaction? A. Mutualism B. Commensalism C. Parasitism D. Competition

Parasitism: One partner benefits from the relationship and the other is harmed. In this example of a leech sucking the blood of an individual: The parasite is the ______ The Host is the ______

A Closer Look – Where do you get a pathogen Direct Contact Indirect Contact Foods and water may be contaminated USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

Why do doctors suggest that people get a flu vaccine each year? A Viruses replicate more rapidly over time. B Viruses can mutate from year to year. C Vaccines are absorbed by the body after a year. D Vaccines get stronger over time.

Ten people became sick with the flu after attending a school dance. What is the scenario that could best explain how the people got sick? A. contact with environmental sources B. contact with an infected animal C. contact with a contaminated object D. contact with an infected person

Which is the best way to help prevent the flu from becoming a pandemic? A. getting a vaccination B. taking antibiotics C. eating fruits and vegetables D. washing hands often

� Tigers and household cats are members of the same family; however, their sizes are vastly different. What is the cause of this difference? �A. biochemical makeup �B. behavioral makeup �C. genetics �D. habitat size

�What do transitional fossils best support? �A. the Theory of Biological Evolution �B. the Law of Superposition �C. the Theory of Geological Evolution �D. the Theory of Continental Drift

The similarities of the bones labeled A provide evidence that A. The organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor B. All species have one kind of bone structure C. The cells of the bones contain the same types of mutations D. All structural characteristics are the same in animals

�In the winter, the fur of the arctic fox is white. In summer, the fur darkens to a reddish brown. What most likely causes the fur of the fox to change color? A. the amount of sunlight present B. the fox’s habitat C. the fox’s genes D. the fox’s age

Water Pollutio

Water Quality Indicators • Turbidity • p. H • Dissolved oxygen • Temperature • Nitrates (nutrients) , NH 3, NO-2 • Bio-Indicators • Hardness - amount of calcium and magnesium

�Which best determines the health of a lake used as a source of freshwater? �A. its depth and width �B. its temperature and p. H �C. its location and depth �D. its temperature and depth

Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals, and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the water; without upwelling the surface of the ocean would be nutrient deficient. Which will most likely result if there is increased upwelling in a coastal area? A more aquatic life B less nutrients in the water C higher water temperatures D fewer nitrates

If a body of water has high turbidity levels, what can most likely be concluded? A It has a low p. H. B It is unsafe to drink. C It is too hot to drink.

Which factors can have the greatest effect on the health of a river system? A type of soil and salinity B nitrate levels and turbidity C human consumption and p. H D natural disasters and tidal changes

Watershed vs. Basin � A basin is a large-scale watershed, such as the St. Lawrence River basin Which best describes the characteristics of a river basin? A. the land drained by a river and its tributaries B. the land formed when rivers create estuaries and marshes C. the land at the mouth of a river where water flows into the ocean D. the land formed as a result of a river flooding

�Which is an � Which would least likely have an impact on global climate changes? example of a renewable energy resource? � A. producing energy �A. biomass �B. coal �C. gas �D. oil using hydroelectric plants � B. producing energy using coal � C. producing energy using oil � D. producing energy using natural gas

� Which is a possible disadvantage of using flowing water to produce electricity? � A. ecosystem damage and loss of land � B. reduced carbon dioxide emission � C. only suitable for industrial use � D. creates reservoirs