EOC Test Preparation Secession Civil War Reconstruction States

EOC Test Preparation: Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

States’ Rights • Favoring stronger government – Unify national economy – Provide infrastructure – Pass legislation that states would need to follow • Southern Politics – Did not like the idea of stronger federal government – Any power not delegated to fed. gov. by Constitution went to state gov. • Slavery really had to do with property laws…which was a state right.

South Carolina • John C. Calhoun argued for states’ rights – You don’t need to follow a law that is unconstitutional • Nullification Crisis in 1832 – High tariffs on British goods • SC threatened to secede if tariffs were not repealed – President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops – Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Tensions still existed

Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? – Missouri Compromise • 1820 • All states admitted below 36 degrees north would be slave, all states above would be free – Missouri would be slave – Maine would be free

Conflict Over Slavery • As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? – Compromise of 1850 • Congress admitted California and unorganized western territories as free • Utah and New Mexico could decided by popular sovereignty (vote) if they would be free or slave. • Fugitive Slave Law-northern states must return escaped slaves to southern owners

Conflict Over Slavery • Wilmot Provisio – War with Mexico reignited slave debate – Summer of 1846, PA congressman David Wilmot created the Wilmot Provisio (condition) – Banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico • Voted down, reopened sectional divisions

Conflict Over Slavery • Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 – Allowed previously free and unorganized territories to choose whether or not to permit slavery • Basically: repealed Missouri Compromise – “bleeding Kansas” because violence erupted – Sumner-Brooks incident • Sumner from MA, Brooks from SC

Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott v. Sanford – 1857 • Scott was a slave in Missouri, taken by owner into a free territory where he lived for 4 years – Later, they returned to Missouri, owner died • Scott sued for freedom

Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue b/c he was a slave, not citizen – Also ruled that slave owner could not be deprived of his “property” w/o due process of law • Struck down Missouri Compromise because it declared that it was a violation of 5 th Amendment – Slave could not just leave his owner without due process, even if they were in a free state

John Brown’s Raid • Oct. 1859 • Abolitionists led by John Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA. • Wanted to seize weapons and give them to slaves – Rebellion • Plan failed – US troops under Robert E. Lee surrounded them and forced their surrender – Brown was executed – Raid intensified southern resentment of abolitionist movement

Free Blacks and Slaves (Mid 1800 s) • Life for slaves was not good • Free African Americans existed because they had purchased their own freedom or masters had freed them – Worked as artisans, farmers, laborers, some owned businesses, some even owned slaves

Abolitionist Movement • William Lloyd Garrison • Grimke sisters • Frederick Douglass – Slave who escaped to freedom • Harriet Tubman – Escaped slave – Underground RR • Harriet Beecher Stowe

Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 – Democratic party split along sectional lines over free/slave • Northern Dems. Suppored popular soverignty – Stephen Douglas • Southern Dems. Wanted federal protection of slavery in all US territories – VP John Breckinridge – Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln

Republicans and Secession • Election of 1860 – South felt threatened by Lincoln b/c he was against its expansion – Lincoln won, SC seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860. – By February, 6 other states had seceded. – Southern delegates from the seceded states met in Montgomery, AL • Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis

Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter – Union soldiers had only a month’s worth of supplies – Lincoln told governor of SC that he would be sending ships with food – Confederate soldiers opened fire on the fort, forcing Union troops to surrender (April, 1861)

Republicans and Secession • Fort Sumter (cont. ) – Lincoln called for 75, 000 volunteers – Border states had to decide which side they would support – KY, MI, MD stayed with the Union – VA, NC, AK, TN went with Confederacy • Capital was moved to Richmond, VA

Key People in the Civil War • Union – Lincoln – Ulysses S. Grant – William T. Sherman • Confederacy – Jefferson Davis – Robert E. Lee

Advantages in the War • North – More railway lines • Supplies can be transported – More factories • Produce weapons and supplies – Standing military force – 2/3 of nation’s population lived in the North • Labor force and soldiers

Advantages in the War • South – Originally, better military commanders – War of Attrition • Defensive war designed to damage and wear down enemy’s will to fight – Motivation • Believed they were defending their homeland, way of life, right to govern themselves

Important Battles of the Civil War • First Battle of Bull Run/First Manassas – First confrontation between two armies – Big defeat for Union – Confederates were not organized enough to invade Washington DC • Anaconda Plan – Surround Confederacy and cut of supply lines • Coastal blockades

Important Battles of the Civil War • Naval Battles – Ironclad-warships used by Confederacy with iron to protect it from enemy fire – Union still used wooden ships – Confederate ship the Merrimack/Virginia vs. Union Monitor fought for several hours • Both ships were later destroyed – Submarines were used • Union was the first to use

Eastern Theater • Second Battle of Bull Run (Aug. 1862)/Second Manassas – Robert E. Lee commanded Army of Northern VA – Success for Confederacy • Union couldn’t invade Richmond • Lee made an attempt to invade the North

Eastern Theater • Antietam (Sept. 1862) – Lee was ready to invade – General Mc. Clellan (Union’s commanding general) was unaware of Lee’s position until they found his orders at a Confederate camp – Antietam Creek, MD – Bloodiest single day of the war – Halted Confederate advance – Mc. Clellan didn’t pursue, Confederates got away

Eastern Theater • Chancellorsville (May, 1863) – “Lee’s perfect battle” – General Stonewall Jackson and Lee defeated over 70, 000 Union troops • What happened to Jackson?

Eastern Theater • Gettysburg (July, 1863) – Key turning point – Lee’s forces were not as aggressive as usual • Couldn’t win high ground early in the battle – Union forces under General George Meade defeated Confederates and ended any hope for them to invade the North – 51, 000 soldiers killed, wounded, missing • Bloodiest battle in entire war

Western Theater • Vicksburg (May-July 1863) – Mississippi – Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the river – General Grant (Union) laid siege (similar to Anaconda Plan) • People were starving, eating animals like dogs and rats

Western Theater • Sherman’s March (May. Dec. 1864) – William T. Sherman commanding Union forces – Captured Atlanta • Secured reelection of Lincoln – March to the Sea • Lots of destructions of Southern areas

Political Issues of the War • Issues with border states • Writ of habeas corpusguarantee that a person can’t be imprisoned w/o being brought before a judge – Lincoln suspended this and declared martial law • Draft – Who was drafted? • Copperheads: Union Dems. Who criticized Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation • Freed slaves in states in rebellion against the Union • But: allowed slavery in border states loyal to the Union • Hope was that Confederate states would return to union rather than risk losing slaves • Get support from France and England

Emancipation Proclamation • Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army • Segregation existed in most military areas – Navy was the exception – Racism and discrimination still existed • 54 th Massachusetts – Movie: Glory – Led an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, July 1863

Union Victory • March 1864 – Grant in command of Union army • Union troops outnumbered Confederates • Grant’s armies lost 65, 000 men in less than 2 months but Confederates were on the retreat • April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse • 2 weeks later: General Joseph Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in Durham, NC

Reconstruction • Gov. attempted to rebuild (and punish) the South • Lincoln wanted healing, not all felt that way – Lincoln killed on April 14, 1865

Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson – New president – Sympathetic to the South – Presidential Reconstruction plan • Radical Republicans-viewed Johnson’s plan as too lenient

Reconstruction • Radical Reconstruction: • African Americans will get full citizenship rights, • Congress should oversee Reconstruction, • Majority of the voting population of a state needs to pledge allegiance before being readmitted to the Union

Reconstruction • Republicans ended up dominating southern govs. During Reconstruction – Drafted new state constitutions which reflected their ideals • 14 th Amendment – Recap: 13 th ended slavery in the US – 14 th: guaranteed that no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process • Blacks got full citizenship • Bill of Rights applied to both state and federal gov.

Reconstruction • Johnson’s Impeachment – 1868: tensions between president and Congress – Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens voted to impeach Johnson • Saved by 1 vote

Reconstruction • 15 th Amendment – Grant becomes president – No citizen can be denied right to vote due to race, color, or previous condition (slavery) • Meant slaves had the ability to vote in Southern elections

African Americans During Reconstruction • Farming – No land – Sharecropping-farmed a portion of a landowner’s land in return for housing and a share of the crops • Turned into its own form of slavery – Tenant farming • Paid rent to farm the land • Owned the crops they grew • Were not at the mercy of white landowners

African Americans During Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau – First relief agency • • • Clothing Medical attention Meals Education Land granted to freed blacks and some poorer whites – Disbanded in 1869

African Americans During Reconstruction • Education and Church – Became the center of life and culture b/c it was truly led by African Americans – Ministers were often political figures as well – First black schools established • Children and adults

African Americans During Reconstruction • African Americans took on political roles through Republican policies – In Congress – State Legislatures – Lt. Governor • Issues between blacks – Northern blacks and southern “elites” saw themselves superior to poorer, uneducated blacks.

Racism During Reconstruction • Black Codes • Ku Klux Klan

Compromise of 1877 and End of Reconstruction • Compromise of 1877 – 1876 election issues between dem. & rep. candidates and votes – Dems agreed to rep Hayes becoming president – Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction – Southern states got federal money, more power to govern themselves, withdrawal of federal troops. • Solid South – Southerners supported Democratic candidates for almost 100 years

Post-Reconstruction • • • Jim Crow Laws Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Grandfather Clauses Segregation – De jure • Plessy v. Ferguson – De facto

Important African Americans • Booker T. Washington • WEB Du. Bois • Ida Wells Barnett