EOC Review Topic 1 The Civil War Things

EOC Review Topic #1= The Civil War

Things to Know • 1861 -1865 • Causes: 1) Manifest Destiny 2) Sectionalism 3) Dred Scott Case 4) Election of 1860 • Figures to know: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee

Manifest Destiny • As America grew & expanded westward, future of slavery began to be questioned • Will America be a nation of slavery or freedom?

Anaconda Plan • Union war strategy; Blockade of the American South • Goal= 1) Starve/”strangle” the Southern population of food/medical supplies 2) Capture & control of the Mississippi River

Emancipation Proclamation • January 1863 • Freed slaves in the “states of rebellion” (the Confederacy); Technically did not free ALL slaves (Border states, like Maryland, were loyal to the Union but practiced slavery. Were allowed to keep slaves) • Why? = Done as a wartime measure, Way to use escaped slaves as Union (northern) soldiers; Also made war about slavery

Battle of Gettysburg • July 1 -4 th, 1863; Deadliest battle of the Civil War • Key battle & victory for the Union (northern) military • Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863)

The End of the Civil War • April 1865= The Union (north) is victorious over the Confederacy (south); Surrender took place at Appomattox Courthouse in VA • April 14 th, 1865= Abraham Lincoln assassinated in D. C.

Topic #2= Reconstruction (1865 -1877)

Reconstruction • Goal= Reunify the nation after the Civil War & readmit the southern states back into the nation • Lincoln’s Plan= Forgiveness, 10% plan (10% of Southerners would swear loyalty to the nation to be readmitted) • Radical Republicans= “Extremists”, believed that South should be punished & that African-Americans should be treated as equals

President Johnson & Military Reconstruction Act • Andrew Johnson= VP of Lincoln & a Reconstruction President, impeached due to violation of Tenure of Office Act (1867) BUT NOT REMOVED FROM OFFICE • Military Reconstruction Act= Divided South into 5 different military districts, each controlled by the Union military

Reconstruction Amendments • 13 th= Abolished slavery • 14 th= African-Americans are now citizens, guaranteed “equal protection under the law” • 15 th= Voting rights extended to African-American men, not women

Sharecropping • Economic system designed to keep African-Americans as a source of labor for wealthy white plantation owners, Kept former slaves in a cycle of debt

Civil Rights? ? ? • African-American civil rights not achieved during this time • Due to: • • 1) Rise of the Ku Klux Klan 2) Impact of sharecropping 3) Southern use of voting restrictions (Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses) 4) Black Codes (Laws specifically for AA’s) & Jim Crow Laws (Segregation laws)

Early Civil Rights Leaders

Compromise of 1877 • Deal b/t Republicans & Democrats that gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency only if he removes the Union military from the South • Effectively ended Reconstruction, reason for its failure

Topic #3= Industrial Revolution, Immigration, & Labor Movement (1865 -1900)

America Grows • Time period of great economic growth, due to: • • • 1) Natural resources in USA (mineral deposits, oil, etc. ) 2) Rising population (immigrants) 3) Expansion of American Railroads 4) Entrepreneurs/Inventers 5) Policy of laissez-faire= “Let it be”, allow businesses to operate with no interference from the American government

New Business Practices • Corporation= Very powerful & large company; Number of people share ownership of the business • Horizontal integration (Rockefeller, Oil)vs. Vertical integration (Carnegie, Steel)

Expansion of Railroads • Key reason for Industrial Revolution: Created jobs, created trade/travel, improved communication b/t Americans • 1869= Completion of Transcontinental Railroad (Connection of Eastern & Western Railroads)

The Gilded Age • “Gilded Age”= Nickname for Industrial Revolution, coined by Mark Twain; Means shiny on the outside/rotten on the inside • Businesses controlled the government; Monopolies/Trusts= One corporation has sole control of their industry; Power to drive prices up & make consumers pay whatever business owners want

Gilded Age Cartoons • Standard Oil, owned by John Rockefeller; Controlled 90% of world’s oil production • Cartoons are criticizing power of corporations

Laws to Know • Attempts to limit power of corporations & monopolies/trusts: • 1) Interstate Commerce Act (1887)= Attempt to limit monopolistic power of railroads & required them to charge “reasonable & just” rates for shipping crops/supplies • 2) Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)= 1 st law passed that attempted to break up monopolies/trusts

Political Corruption of Gilded Age • Political machines: Aspect of American cities/urban areas during late 1800 s, Political organization led by a political “boss” who commands businesses/individuals/immigrants who to vote for in exchange for gifts (money, food, jobs, business licenses); VERY CORRUPT • NEED TO KNOW: Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall (Political machine of NYC)

Political Machine Cartoons • EOC cartoons will focus on Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall

Immigration of Industrial Revolution • 1865 -1900 s= Almost 20 million immigrants entered USA • Need to know: Diff. b/t Old vs. New Immigrants, Angel (San Francisco, Asian immigrants) & Ellis Islands (NYC, European Immigrants), Nativism, “Melting pot”

American Nativism • American citizens hated the “new” immigrants entering the USA, specifically had issue with Asian immigration; Nativism= Hatred against any foreigner that wasn’t an American (white, Protestant) • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Stopped immigration from China

Labor Movement • Labor Unions: Organizations of workers that fight for workers rights (Better pay, better working conditions, shorter work hours) • Collective Bargaining: Right to negotiate with employer (boss) for workers rights • Knights of Labor: 1 st major union; Combined skilled/unskilled workers, White/Black, Men/Women, fell apart after Haymarket Riot (1886) • American Federation of Labor: Largest American union, founded by Samuel Gompers; Just skilled workers