EOC Review BIOLOGY Ecology UNIT 1 Bio 2

EOC Review BIOLOGY

Ecology UNIT 1

Bio. 2. 1. 1 Summarize the nitrogen cycle (including the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria) and its importance to synthesis of proteins and DNA.

Bio. 2. 1. 1 Identify factors that influence climate • The Greenhouse effect and the Carbon Cycle are both naturally occurring • • • Humans add carbon into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, thus adding carbon to the cycle This extra carbon amplifies the greenhouse effect, causing the Earth to heat up. This is called Global Warming, or Global Climate Change Natural environmental processes • Volcanic Eruptions add phosphates and airborne particles to the atmosphere, blocking radiation. This cools the Earth.

Bio. 2. 1. 1 Analyze energy pyramids for direction and efficiency of energy transfer.

Bio 2. 1. 2 Analyze how various organisms accomplish life functions through adaptations within particular environments (example: water or land) to ensure survival and reproductive success.

Bio 2. 1. 2 Relate prior understanding of survival and reproductive success to evidence of variations observed in species in three areas: behavioral adaptations, structural adaptations and reproductive adaptations Behavioral adaptations suckling, taxes/taxis, migration, estivation, hibernation, habituation, imprinting, classical conditional, and trial and error learning Structural adaptations nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion mechanisms, camouflage, movement reproductive adaptations sexual versus asexual, eggs, seeds, spores, placental, types of fertilization.

Bio 2. 1. 3 Identify and describe symbiotic relationships Symbiotic relationships Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Communication and Territorial Defense Pheromones Predator/Prey Relationships Courtship dances Territorial defense Competition Relationships To maintain stability

2. 1. 4 Population Dynamics Carrying Capacity and its causes Exponential vs Logistic Growth Population Growth Graphs - Human Population Growth Graph - Birth and Death Rates - Disease and Ecosystem Balance

Bio. 2. 2. 1 Human impact How humans modify ecosystems Population Growth Technology Consumption of Resources Production of Waste Factors that impact NC Ecosystems Acid Rain in Mountains Beach Erosion Urban Development Waste Lagoons on Hog Farms Invasive Species (Kudzu)

Bio. 2. 2. 2 Human Impact Human impact on Natural Resources Resource depletion Deforestation Pesticide Use Bioaccumulation Conservation Methods and Stewardship

What is the function of autotrophs in the carbon cycle? a) To use oxygen to produce glucose b) To take in excess water c) To use carbon dioxide to produce glucose d) To feed on herbivores

Two different populations of birds live in the same area and eat the same types of food. Which most likely describes the relationship between these two populations of birds? a) Competition b) Mutualism c) Parasitism d) Predator-prey

What will most likely happen if the human population continues to grow at current rates? a) There will be fewer natural resources available for future generations. b) There will be an increase of nitrogen levels in the atmosphere. c) There will be a decrease in water pollution. d) There will be an increase in the number of strong hurricanes.

A sea turtle has washed up on a remote section of a beach. This is known as a “stranding. ” Stranding occurs when a dead, sick or injured sea turtle washes up on the shoreline. Which statement best explains why “stranding” should be reported immediately to local authorities? a) The information can be very useful to biologists and managers who are trying to protect the species b) The information can be very useful to protect sea turtles from predators c) The information can be very useful to local fisherman who try to catch fish that sea turtles eat d) The information can be very useful to tourist who may want to keep sea turtles as pets

The males of a bird species do a “dance” and “sing a song” each spring. What is the main purpose of these behaviors? a)To scare off young birds b)To imprint young birds c)To clean their feathers d)To attract female birds

The yucca plant releases a strong scent at night when the yucca moth is active. The yucca moth, attracted by the scent, gathers pollen from the yucca flower. The yucca moth then deposits her eggs and the pollen on another plant. This ensures that the plant will be cross-pollinated and that the yucca moth larvae have a steady food supply. Which relationship does this best illustrate? a) Commensalism b)Mutualism c) Parasitism d)Predation

Which environmental concern is most associated with burning fossil fuels? a)global climate change b)pollution of ocean waters c)ozone layer destruction d)decrease in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

At night, moths travel toward light. Which type of behavior does this describe? a)habituation b)imprinting c)innate behavior d)learned behavior

A field ecologist wants to determine the interactions of various populations of organisms living in a large grassland field. Which method is best for conducting this study? a) consulting with local farmers about the diversity of organisms in the field b) dividing the field in half, walking over it, counting organisms, and then doubling the numbers c) walking over the entire field, collecting the organisms, and then compiling a total d) observing the behaviors of different types of organisms several times during the year

Which environmental factor would cause the greatest decrease in the number of species of plants and animals living in some of the lakes in the United States? a) increase in dissolved oxygen levels b)global warming c) ozone destruction d)acid rain

If worldwide deforestation is not regulated, what could most likely result? a) Acid rain could lower the p. H of rivers and lakes to dangerous levels for aquatic life. b)CO 2 levels in the atmosphere could increase and contribute to global warming problems. c) Plants and animals could become better adapted to living in desert conditions. d)Future generations of humans could have an excess of wood and paper products.

Bellringer-5/26/15 �Label the parts of the cell with the correct name. Is this a plant or animal cell?

Cells UNIT 2 • BIO. 1. 1. 1 SUMMARIZE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS (INCLUDING THE NUCLEUS, PLASMA MEMBRANE, CELL WALL, MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLES, CHLOROPLASTS, AND RIBOSOMES) AND WAYS THAT THESE ORGANELLES INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO PERFORM THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL. • BIO. 1. 1. 2 COMPARE PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS IN TERMS OF THEIR GENERAL STRUCTURES (PLASMA MEMBRANE AND GENETIC MATERIAL) AND DEGREE OF COMPLEXITY. • BIO. 1. 1. 3 EXPLAIN HOW INSTRUCTIONS IN DNA LEAD TO CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND RESULT IN CELLS SPECIALIZED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS. • BIO. 1. 2. 3 EXPLAIN HOW SPECIFIC CELL ADAPTATIONS HELP CELLS SURVIVE IN PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTS (FOCUS ON UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS).

Bio. 1. 1. 2 Infer that prokaryotic cells are less complex than eukaryotic cells. • PROKARYOTIC CELLS= SIMPLE CELLS (EX. BACTERIA) • EUKARYOTIC CELLS= COMPLEX CELLS (EX. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS)

Bio. 1. 1. 2 Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells PROKARYOTIC SIMILARITIES EUKARYOTIC Smaller Ribosomes Larger Circular DNA/RNA DNA in nucleus NO membrane bound Cell Membrane organelles HAS membrane bound organelles

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. Nucleus Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. NUCLEUS- CONTROL CENTER; DNA FOUND HERE PLASMA MEMBRANE-CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT MITOCHONDRIA- PROVIDES ENERGY THROUGH ATP DURING RESPIRATION

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. RIBOSOMES- WHERE PROTEINS ARE MADE VACUOLE-STORAGE OF WATER/FOOD; 1 LARGE IN PLANTS, MANY SMALL IN ANIMAL CELLS

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. PLANTS ONLY: CELL WALL: SHAPES AND PROTECTS PLANT CELL CHLOROPLAST: CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO FOOD DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Explain how the structure of the organelle determines it function. • THE STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORGANELLES IS BUILT FOR FUNCTION • • • Example: Mitochondria has folded inner membrane for more surface area to create energy during respiration Example: Cell Membrane has double membrane structure to control what goes in and out of cell Example: Green chlorophyll inside chloroplasts capture energy for photosynthesis

Bio. 1. 1. 1 Summarize how these organelles interact to carry out functions such as energy production and use, transport of molecules, disposal of waste, and synthesis of new molecules. • THE ORGANELLES WORK TOGETHER TO CARRY OUT THE PROCESSES OF THE CELL-IF ONE ORGANELLE DOES NOT FUNCTION, THE CELL CANNOT FUNCTION • • Example: DNA codes for proteins are made on ribosomes proteins used as enzymes for energy production at mitochondria Hypothesize: What would happen if cell was missing…mitochondria? Cell membrane? Nucleus?

Bio. 1. 1. 2 Proficiently use proper light microscopic techniques as well as determine total power magnification. • TOTAL POWER MAGNIFICATION = MULTIPLY POWER OF OBJECTIVE LENS (4 X, 10 X, OR 40 X) BY THE POWER OF EYEPIECE (10 X) • LIGHT MICROSCOPES USED TO OBSERVE CELLS UP CLOSE • SCANNING AND ELECTRON TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPES GIVE EVEN GREATER DETAIL

Bio. 1. 1. 3 Compare a variety of specialized cells and understand how the functions of these cells vary. • CELLS ARE SPECIALIZED WITHIN THE BODY TO PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS • Examples: Blood cells, skin cells, sperm cells…

Bio. 1. 2. 3 Explain how various structures of unicellular organisms help that organism survive. Emphasis is on contractile vacuoles, cilia, flagella, pseudopods, and eyespots. • UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS (1 CELL) HAVE SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS TO SURVIVE • • • Eyespot: Dark area for light reception Contractile Vacuole: Stores water, contracts, expels it back out Cilia-small, hairlike projections used for movement Flagella-long whip-like tail for movement Pseudopods- “false feet” used for movement

Bio. 1. 2. 3 Summarize adaptive behaviors – examples include chemotaxis and phototaxis. • CHEMOTAXIS- MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO CHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT • PHOTOTAXIS- MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT • • Positive-toward light Negative- away from light

• What will most likely be the result if all of the mitochondria are removed from a plant cell? A. It will be unable to carry out respiration. B. It will lose water through osmosis. C. It will break down the ribosomes in the cell. D. It will be unable to photosynthesize.

• Identify each structure in the diagram below.

• This diagram shows a plant cell. Which structure is found in a plant cell but is absent in an animal cell?

• How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar? A. Both contain a nucleus. B. Both contain ribosomes. C. Both contain membrane-bound organelles. D. Both contain cell walls.

• These diagrams represent a Euglena and a Paramecium. What function do structures X and Y have in common? A. Digestion B. Gathering food C. Movement D. Reproduction

• What process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized egg? A. differentiation B. natural selection C. selective breeding D. genetic engineering

Bellringer-5/27/15 �What organelles are responsible for the following? Letting things in and out of the cell? Storing water? Controlling the functions of the cell? Making proteins? Creating ATP through respiration? Creating glucose through sunlight?

Cell Membranes Unit 2 • Bio. 1. 2. 1: Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and p. H) • Bio. 4. 1. 1: Explain the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms • Bio. 4. 2. 2: Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain how cells use buffers to regulate cell p. H • Blood p. H: 7. 4 • • Foods and CO 2 alter blood p. H Buffer (Bicarbonate in blood) help release/absorb hydrogen ions to regulate p. H

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain how cells respond to maintain temperature

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain how cells respond to maintain glucose levels

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain how cells respond to maintain water levels

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Compare the mechanisms of active vs passive transport (diffusion and osmosis)

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain how the plasma membrane structure functions Fluid Mosaic Model - Phospholipid Bilayer - Carbohydrate Markers - Cholesterol - Integral or Transmembrane Proteins

Bio. 1. 2. 1 Explain changes in osmotic pressure that occurs when cells are placed in solutions of differing concentrations

Bio. 4. 1. 1 Compare the structure and function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms Lipids: Phospholipids, Steroids

Bio. 4. 1. 1 Compare the structure and function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms Lipids: Phospholipids, Steroids

Bio. 4. 2. 2 Energy production is vital for maintaining homeostasis • • • Active transport of needed molecules Active transport to rid cells of toxins Movement to avoid danger Movement to find food, waste or mates Synthesizing needed molecules

During strenuous exercise, body temperature increases. The body responds to the increase in temperature by sweating, which helps to reduce the body temperature. Which is demonstrated in this situation? A. B. C. D. excretion metabolism homeostasis synthesis

A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely happen to the cells of the plant? A. They will swell because water will move into them. B. They will swell because salt will move into them. C. They will shrink because water will move out of them. D. They will shrink because salt will move out of them.

Which type of molecule do whales use for energy storage and insulation? A. B. C. D. DNA Glucose Fat Starch

If energy is needed to move materials into or out of a cell, what is most likely occurring? A. B. C. D. Active transport Passive transport Osmosis Diffusion

Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move a substance across its cell membrane? A. Substances are moving rapidly across the cell membrane. B. ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cellular membrane. C. Substances are moving from high to low concentrations. D. Substances are moving through channels in the cell membrane.

Metabolism UNIT 4 • • • BIO. 4. 1 UNDERSTAND HOW BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF LIVING ORGANISMS. • Bio. 4. 1. 3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions. BIO. 2. 1 ANALYZE THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIVING ORGANISMS WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENTS. • Bio. 2. 1. 1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as carbon) through ecosystems relating to the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem. BIO. 4. 2 ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AND ENERGY USE IN THE CELL. • Bio. 4. 2. 1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between • these systems

Bio. 4. 1. 3: Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes • Enzymes are PROTEINS that SPEED UP chemical reactions (also called CATALYSTS) • They do this by lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY • This means they lower the amount of energy required for the reaction to start so that it can start sooner

Bio. 4. 1. 3: Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes • Enzymes are SPECIFIC to their reaction-only 1 enzyme fits 1 substrate • They are REUSABLE-enzymes can be used over and over again in a reaction • They attach to the substrate at the active site like a LOCK AND KEY

Bio. 4. 1. 3: Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes • Enzymes can become DENATURED, or unusable, by 2 factors: • PH (different p. H can denature enzyme) • Temperature (too high temperature can denature enzyme) • DENATURE means the enzyme changes shape, and can’t fit into the substrate like a lock and key

Bio. 2. 1. 1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as carbon) through ecosystems relating to the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.

Bio. 4. 2. 1. Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released and transferred within and between cells.

Bio. 4. 2. 1. Analyze overall reactions including reactants and products for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and factors which affect their rates Photosynthesis Respiration Function Uses sun’s energy to make food Uses sugar in food to make energy Location Chloroplast Mitochondria Reactants CO 2 , water, light Glucose and Oxygen Products Glucose and oxygen CO 2, water, ATP Which organisms? Plants, Photosynthetic organisms All organisms

Bio. 4. 2. 1 Compare these processes with regard to efficiency of ATP formation, the types of organisms using these processes, and the organelles involved. (Anaerobic respiration should include lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. ) Aerobic Anaerobic Uses oxygen (cellular respiration) Does NOT use oxygen (fermentation) MUCH more efficient-38 ATP per glucose Less efficient-2 ATP per glucose Takes place in Mitochondria Takes place in Cytoplasm

Bio. 4. 2. 1 Compare these processes with regard to efficiency of ATP formation, the types of organisms using these processes, and the organelles involved. (Anaerobic respiration should include lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. ) Two types of fermentation: • Alcoholic- bacteria and yeast; produces ethanol • Lactic Acid-muscle cells; produces lactic acid • Reason why you get a muscle cramp when exercising

What is the function of autotrophs in the carbon cycle? a)to use oxygen to produce glucose b)to take in excess water c)to use carbon dioxide to produce glucose d)to feed on herbivores

What type of organic molecules are enzymes? a) Carbohydrates b) lipids c) nucleic acids d) proteins

How does the amount of energy resulting from fermentation compare with that of aerobic respiration? a) Aerobic respiration results in less energy. b) Aerobic respiration results in more energy. c) Each process results in equal amounts of energy. d) Each process results in variable amounts of energy.

Which most directly controls the rate at which food is broken down to release energy? a) enzymes b) hormones c) nucleic acids d) vitamins

Which statement best compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration? a) Less ATP is generated during anaerobic respiration than during aerobic respiration. b) More water is generated during anaerobic respiration than during aerobic respiration. c) More oxygen is generated during anaerobic respiration than during aerobic respiration. d) Less lactic acid is generated during anaerobic respiration than during aerobic respiration.

Bellringer-5/29/15 1. What is DNA responsible for? 2. Where is DNA located? 3. What process takes place in the mitochondria to make ATP for the cell? 4. What process takes place in the chloroplast to make glucose for food?

Mitosis and DNA UNIT 4 • • • BIO. 1. 2 ANALYZE THE CELL AS A LIVING SYSTEM • Bio 1. 2. 2: Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. BIO. 3. 1 EXPLAIN HOW TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA • Bio 3. 1. 1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. BIO. 4. 1 UNDERSTAND HOW BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF LIVING ORGANISMS • Bio 4. 1. 2: Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms.

Bio 3. 1. 1: Relate the structure of DNA to the functions of replication

Bio 4. 1. 2 Identify the five nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, U) found in nucleic acids as the same for all organisms.

Bio. 1. 1. 3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific fucntions in multicellular organisms. SPECIALIZATION-CELLS BEGIN UNDIFFERENTIATED • ALL GENES TURNED “ON” • DIFFERENTIATION HAPPENS WHEN SOME GENES ARE TURNED “OFF” AND OTHERS REMAIN “ON” • ALLOWS CELLS TO BECOME SPECIALIZEDDIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS EX. MUSCLE, SKIN, ETC. • THESE CELLS HAVE THE SAME DNA, BUT HAVE DIFFERENT GENES ACTIVATED

Bio 1. 2. 2: Outline the cell cycle – G 1, S, G 2, Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

Bio 1. 2. 2: Recognize mitosis as part of asexual reproduction

Bio 1. 2. 2: Organize diagrams of mitotic phases and describe what is occurring throughout the process

Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing? A The cytoplasm separates. B The DNA replicates. C The sister chromatids separate. D The homologous chromosomes cross over.

A strand of DNA has these bases: AGC CAT GTA TAC What is the complementary DNA strand? A ACG GAT CTA TAG B TCG GTA CAT ATG C TGC CTA GAT ATC D UCG CUA CAU AUG

�What are the subunits of DNA and their function? A nucleotides that store information B monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cell C lipids that store energy and provide insulation D proteins that

What are the subunits of DNA and their function? A nucleotides that store information B monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cell C lipids that store energy and provide insulation D proteins that provide the building blocks for the structural components of organisms

During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell growing and preparing for cellular division? A cytokinesis B anaphase C prophase D interphase

What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis? A two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell B two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell C four cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell D four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell

How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells? A It would increase cell specialization in organs. B It would change the sequence of DNA nucleotides in affected cells. C It would produce new nucleotides for DNA molecules. D It would cause an increase in red blood cell production.

How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different? A Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. B Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. C Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms. D Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms.

Protein Synthesis and Mutations BIO. 3. 1 EXPLAIN HOW TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA. • • Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. Bio. 3. 1. 3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i. e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. • DNA CODES FOR PROTEINS, WHICH DETERMINE A PERSON’S TRAITS • Since DNA CANNOT leave the nucleus, it enlists the help of RNA to deliver the message to make proteins to the ribosome • MRNA HAS SOME DIFFERENCES FROM DNA: It is single stranded It is shorter and able to leave the nucleus The sugar is ribose There a U instead of a T base

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. THERE ARE 2 STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, THE PROCESS IN WHICH PROTEINS ARE MADE! THESE STEPS ARE: 1. TRANSCRIPTION 2. TRANSLATION

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. TRANSCRIPTION • TRANSCRIPTION IS WHEN AN RNA COPY OF DNA IS MADE • This is because DNA cannot leave the nucleus! • THE DNA CODE IS TRANSCRIBED INTO MRNA, WHICH THEN CARRIES THE MESSAGE OUT OF THE NUCLEUS AND TO THE RIBOSOME • If DNA read ATG CGA AAC, what would m. RNA read?

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. TRANSLATION • TRANSLATION IS WHEN TRNA DELIVERS THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME TO FORM AN AMINO ACID CHAIN • • • Every three letters in m. RNA are a codon-they can be read on the amino acid chart to determine the coded amino acid The anticodon on the t. RNA matches with the codon of the m. RNA The amino acids for a polypeptide chain. When the code reaches “stop, ” a complete protein has been formed. This protein will go on to determine traits or be involved in cell structure/chemistry

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. WHAT AMINO ACID IS MRNA CODING FOR? AUG AAC UUG UGA

Bio. 3. 1. 2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.

Bio. 3. 1. 3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i. e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. • MUTATIONS ARE CHANGES IN DNA CODING • These may change the amino acid sequence, thus changing the protein or phenotype of a person. • MUTATIONS CAN BE DELETIONS, ADDITIONS, OR SUBSTITUTIONS. • Substitutions will change one amino acid; additions/deletions will change all acids after the mutation

Bio. 3. 1. 3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i. e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. • MUTUATIONS CAN BE RANDOM, OR CAUSED BY RADIATION/CHEMICAL EXPOSURE • Ex. Mutated skin cells due to increased sun exposure • ONLY THOSE MUTATIONS IN SEX CELLS (GAMETES) MAY BE PASSED ON AND SEEN IN OFFSPRING

• Which statement best describes the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA, and cells? a) Proteins combine to produce cells, which produce DNA. b)Proteins are made up of DNA, which determines the cells that are produced. c) DNA is made up of proteins, which tell a cell how to function. d)Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins.

• A segment of DNA has this sequence: ATA GCA CAT GTA What is the m. RNA sequence transcribed from this segment? a) TAT CGT GTA CAT b) TAT GCT CTA GAT c) UAU CGU GUA CAU d) UAU GCU CUA CAU

• Which amino acids are coded for by an m. RNA segment that reads CAG GUG? a) arginine and valine b) isoleucine and arginine c) glutamine and valine d) valine and isoleucine

• Which would most likely produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring? a) radiation changing the DNA sequence in skin cells b) a gamete with an extra chromosome forming c) tobacco smoke altering the genes in lung cells d) exposure to chemicals altering nerve cell function

• How does DNA code for proteins in a cell? a) by creating a new double helix structure b) by using its phosphate and sugar molecules c) by adding more hydrogen bonds to its structure d) by arranging certain nitrogen bases of the cell in a particular order

• How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells? a) It would increase cell specialization in organs. b) It would change the sequence of DNA nucleotides in affected cells. c) It would produce new nucleotides for DNA molecules. d) It would cause an increase in red blood cell production.

• Which factor most affects the order of amino acids in a protein? a) the DNA located in the nucleus of the cell b) the cell in which the protein is located c) the amount of ATP available for the cell’s use d) the area in a cell where proteins are produced

Meiosis and Diversity • BIO. 3. 2 UNDERSTAND HOW THE ENVIRONMENT, AND/OR THE INTERACTION OF ALLELES, INFLUENCES THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC TRAITS. • • Bio. 3. 2. 1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. Bio. 3. 2. 2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns

Bio. 3. 2. 1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. • MEIOSIS IS A FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Produces gametes (sex cells) with half the chromosome # of parent cells • When gametes (egg and sperm) combine, the resulting zygote has the complete set of chromosomes

Bio. 3. 2. 1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. Mitosis Meiosis Asexual Sexual For growth and repair For production of gametes 1 division 2 divisions 2 identical diploid (2 n) cells produced 4 genetically different haploid (n) cells produced Chromosome # same as parents Chromosome # half (23 in (46 in humans)

Bio. 3. 2. 1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. • MEIOSIS IS IMPORTANT FOR ORGANISMS BECAUSE IT LEADS TO GREATER GENETIC DIVERSITY • Independent assortment of chromosomes • SOURCES OF VARIATION • • • Mutations Crossing Over Nondisjunction

Bio. 3. 2. 1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. • NONDISJUNCTION IS WHEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES FAIL TO SEPARATE CORRECTLY DURING DIVISION • Can cause errors in chromosome # and result in different genetic conditions • Ex. Down Syndrome caused three copies of chromosome 21

Bio. 3. 2. 2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns • READING KARYOTYPES

Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”

• Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction? a) It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have triple the chromosome number of the organism. b) It allows gametes to have twice the original number of chromosomes of the organism. c) It allows gametes to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism. d) It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism.

• Which process produces the most variation within a species? a) asexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction c) mitosis d) cloning

• What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis? a) two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell b) two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell c) four cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell d) four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell

• How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different? a) Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. b) Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. c) Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms. d) Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms

• Which characteristic is present in offspring produced by sexual reproduction, but is missing in offspring produced by asexual reproduction? a) an identical copy of parent chromosomes b) twice the number of parent chromosomes c) only half the number of parent chromosomes d) an independent assortment of parent chromosomes