Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts They speed up

Enzymes

Enzymes: are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical ractions without themselves being consumed in the reaction. All enzymes are proteins (not all proteins are enzymes) All proteins are made of amino acids

How do they work?

How do they work • There are to models to explain how an enzyme works https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r 1 ry. DVgx 0 zw

What are enzymes made of? • Simple answer = protein • Better answer = a complex 3 D structure of polypeptide chain(s) of amino acids.

What the diggins are amino acids?

How important are enzymes? VERY! Respect the enzyme

Factors affecting enzyme rate • There are 4 environmental factors that affect the activity of an enzyme • • Temperature p. H Substrate concentration Enzyme concentration

Temperature • As with all chemical reactions. Increasing the temp increases the movement of the molecules. When the molecule move more they are more likely to bump into (make contact with) the enzyme. BUT…. Too much temperature (heat) and you might upset your enzymes

Denaturing • As a protein heats up, at about 60 ⁰C the heat will change the proteins shape.

temperature Sci. PAD page 75

Substrate concentration Sci. PAD page 80

Enzyme concentration Sci. PAD page 81

p. H Sci. PAD page 77

Co-factors and inhibitors • Co-factor is a substance that an enzyme needs to work properly • Inhibitors are poisons that bind to an enzyme and deactivate them Sci. PAD page 82

Co-factors and inhibitors • Co-factor concentration • Inhibitor concentration Sci. PAD page 82

Investigating enzyme rate of reaction • All living organisms contain an enzyme called catalase.

Investigating enzyme rate of reaction • If you take some cells and adjust the environmental conditions of those cells you will be affecting the rate of catalase Sci. PAD page 76

Investigating enzyme rate of reaction • The same thing can be done with yeast

Review questions Draw graphs to show change in reaction rate for… • Substrate concentration • Increasing temperature • Increasing p. H • Enzyme concentration ANSWER

Review questions Label the following graphs with • Substrate concentration • Increasing temperature • Increasing p. H • Enzyme concentration ANSWER