Enzymes 93015 Regents Biology ACT Regents Biology Brain
Enzymes 9/30/15 Regents Biology
ACT Regents Biology
Brain Teaser § It can’t be touched, but can be felt. It can’t be opened, but can be gone into. Those who seek it always find it under something, yet it moves from place to place Regents Biology
Objectives § Students will: Identify the effects of enzymes u Given a set of procedures and materials, students will construct a model of how enzymes interact with other molecules in the body. u Regents Biology
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology 2009 -2010
Flow of energy through life § Life is built on chemical reactions Regents Biology
Our bodies are continuously: u building molecules + § synthesis u breaking down molecules § digestion Regents Biology +
Nothing works without enzymes! § How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work u enzymes speed up chemical reactions u § “catalysts” w building molecules n We can’t live without enzymes! synthesis enzymes w breaking down molecules n enzyme + enzyme digestive enzymes + Regents Biology
Why do we need to speed up reactions? § Because our bodies would never get § § the nutrients they need in time without enzymes. Our bodies are too slow to process chemical reactions without enzymes. Catalyst – speeds up chemical reactions without actually being involved in the reaction Regents Biology
Examples § synthesis + enzyme § digestion enzyme Regents Biology +
Regents Biology
Enzymes are proteins There’s an enzyme for that u each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job u enzymes are named for the reaction they help u Oh, I get it! They end in -ase § § Regents Biology sucrase breaks down sucrose protase breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA
Enzymes aren’t used up § Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily u re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules u very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions u substrate active site Regents Biology product enzyme
It’s shape that matters! § Lock & Key model u u shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction Regents Biology
2 1 3 Regents Biology
Enzyme vocabulary § Enzyme u helper protein molecule § Substrate u molecule that enzymes work on § Products u what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction § Active site u part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into Regents Biology
Enzyme vocabulary § Catalyst u Substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being in the reaction itself. § Chemical reaction u Combination of two or more elements chemically § Activation energy u Minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction § Denatured u Irreversibly changing the shape of a protein Regents Biology
What affects enzyme action § The SHAPE of the enzyme Correct protein structure (order of amino acids) u Temperature u p. H (acids & bases) u Regents Biology
Order of amino acids § Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! chain of amino acids DNA folded protein right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA Regents Biology wrong shape!
Temperature § Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature § greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate § human enzymes w 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) u Raise temperature (boiling) § denature protein = unfold = lose shape u Lower temperature T° § molecules move slower § fewer collisions between enzyme & Regents Biology substrate u
Denatured – permanently changed shape and not re-usable Regents Biology
Temperature reaction rate human enzymes 37° temperature Regents Biology What’s happening here? !
How do cold-blooded creatures do it? Regents Biology
p. H § Effect on rates of enzyme activity u changes in p. H changes protein shape u most human enzymes = p. H 6 -8 § depends on where in body § pepsin (stomach) = p. H 3 § trypsin (small intestines) = p. H 8 Regents Biology
p. H intestines trypsin What’s happening here? ! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 Regents Biology 1 2 3 4 5 6 p. H 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE! Regents Biology 2009 -2010
Role of Enzymes Regents Biology
Let’s build some Enzyme Models! Regents Biology 2009 -2010
First define the vocabulary § Catalyst u Substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being in the reaction itself. § Chemical reaction u Combination of two or more elements chemically § Activation energy u Minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction § Denatured u Irreversibly changing the shape of a protein Regents Biology
vocabulary § Enzyme u helper protein molecule § Substrate u molecule that enzymes work on § Products u what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction § Active site u part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into Regents Biology
Then color the shapes § Enzyme = PINK § Triangular Substrate = PURPLE § Square Substrate 1 = YELLOW § Square Substrate 2 = BLUE § Product 1 = BLUE § Product 2 = RED § Rectangular Product = GREEN Regents Biology
Your cut-out paper § Has parts for BOTH part B and C. § Part B – triangular shaped pieces § Part C – square and rectangular shaped pieces Regents Biology
Follow instructions for Parts B & C 1. Cut out your pieces. 2. Organize the cut-outs on construction 3. 4. 5. paper according to the equation. Glue them. Label them. Explain below what happened. Use as many vocabulary words from Part A as possible. Regents Biology
Create your graph – Part D § Use the data to draw a graph. § Answer the questions using as many of the vocabulary words in Part A as possible. Regents Biology
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