Envs 342 Geography of World Economy We are

Envs 342: Geography of World Economy We are Different Globalization vs National Identity Background for understanding cultural variability in the world as described by Humanistic Geographers – Also questions Globalist View of World

Learning Objectives • Define and discuss culture • Explore Hofstede’s view of world cultures • Explore Todd’s view of families types around the world • Perform exercise understanding how culture and family effects your own background 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 2

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x. UYNB 4 a 8 d 2 U 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 3

Culture is the “Collective Programming of the Mind” Geert Hofstede (1980) • Culture differentiates the motivation of different groups • Culture gives meaning to an environment – uses symbols and myths • Culture shapes perceptions and behavior – establishes norms and taboos 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 4

• In short CULTURE differentiates the actions of one group from another • Thus CULTURE differentiates one group from another • We are different because we act differently 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 5

But first some questions 1. Are people in the United States more different between regions or between us and say Canada. 2. Egypt has both Sunni Muslims and Coptic Christians, are they more different than Egyptian Muslims and Jordanian Muslims? 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 6

Video Clip http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nb. ELQIi-an 4&feature=related 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 7

Culture’s Foundation • Culture is based upon VALUES organized into PARADIGMS 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 8

Define your own values 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 9

Values -- broad preference for one state of affairs over others • • Create moral signposts Inform proper Behavior by setting priorities Values have an emotional commitment Values are learned through socialization from birth till death • Example: Honor thy father – Value into a Paradigm – caring for your elderly parents, in some societies it is the Law. 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 10

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 11

Contrasting Values • American Values -- Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness • French Revolutionary Values -- Life, Liberty, and Land – Slightly different but critically • Canadian Values – Peace, Order, and Good Government • “Asian Confucian Values” – Responsibilities, Duties to the Group & Parents, not to the Individual 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 12

Asian Values http: //bigthink. com/videos/kishore-mahbubani-what-are-asian-values 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 13

Paradigm -- set of beliefs that organizes the way of interpreting the world • Values are organized through paradigms into a way of life • A Social Paradigm contains survival information for maintaining a CULTURE 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 14

A Social Paradigm contains survival information for maintaining a CULTURE • Based on generations of experience • Avoids dysfunctional behavior • Difficult to dislodge -- definitions of REALITY are anchored in the paradigm and its values • Guides and justifies the actions of a group 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 15

Class Activity – 5 Minute Activity • Each group is to take a few minutes to describe a key American Value and factor in the American Social Paradigm. • Second, can you identify any special (family, ethnic, religious…) factors makingup a personal Social Paradigm that some Americans may or may not share with the rest of your group? 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 16

An example of American Values & Paradigm Identify Evidence for American Values and Paradigm SENATOR JOHN MCCAIN: We have been too content for too long to allow individuals to mow our lawn, serve our food, clean our homes, and even watch our children while not affording them any of the benefits that make our country so great. Let's create a system to bring them forward, allow them to settle their debt to society. This is consistent with our country's tradition of being a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants. Skip to 1: 20 for Senator John Mc. Cain’s statement https: //www. nhpr. org/post/senators-unveil-plan-fix- 9/25/2020 immigration-system#stream/0 Hofstede's Dimensions 17

Social Paradigm example from the Amish • The rules of the church — the Ordnung — must be observed by every member. These rules cover most aspects of day-to-day living, and include prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line electricity, telephones, and automobiles, as well as regulations on clothing. Many Amish church members may not buy insurance or accept government assistance, such as Social Security http: //www. americanamishcompany. com/history/

Lack of Invidiualism among the Amish • Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on Demut (humility) and Gelassenheit (calmness, composure, placidity) — often translated as "submission" or "letting -be". Gelassenheit is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the "Will of God", expressed through group norms, is at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture. Amish society by John Andrew Hostetler

Questions • Are “Human Rights” a Western Value or Reality? • Why did Canada support “Gay Marriage” when many in the US opposed (or still oppose it)? • Should we elect or appoint leaders? – Presidents, generals, teachers, judges 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 20

Obama’s Inaugural Address 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 21

Are there Universal Human Rights? 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pz 4 STWEf. Wi 4 22

Answer • Different cultures answer these questions differently – draw on different sets of values – use different social paradigms – have different “REALITIES” 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 23

Why you don't hear Harper say 'God bless Canada' anymore http: //www. cbc. ca/gfx/pix/harpe r-cp 9870945. jpg Hill Times Online As Prime Minister Stephen Harper inches closer toward a majority government, he has erased all religious references from his public speeches, hoping to broaden his appeal to those Canadians who cringe at even the very thought that religion could play any By RICHARD ALBERT Published November 9, 2009 BOSTON—In the 2004 race to lead to the new Conservative Party, then-candidate Stephen Harper proudly concluded his speeches with "God bless Canada. " Later as opposition leader and then as prime minister in a minority Parliament, Harper, an evangelical Christian, continued to close his public addresses with those three words—until the weeks leading up to last year's federal election campaign when polls suggested the Conservative Party http: //www. thehilltimes. ca/page/view/albert-11 -9 -2009. . . 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 24

Continuing • Different cultures also have different – Economic cultures – note that Islamic Law outlaws usury (bank loans) – Corporate Cultures (IBM vs. Mac or GM vs. Toyota) – have different “REALITIES” 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 25

Geert Hofstede • Each culture has a mainstream (great tradition) of values and social paradigm • Cultures have internal variations (little traditions) • However, differences between cultures are greater then differences within 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 26

Hofstede’s Dimensions: 6 Factors of Cultural Variation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Individualism vs. Collectivism Power--Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity-- Femininity (Sex Differentiating) Long Term Orientation -- Confucian Dynamism Indulgence vs Constraint 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 27

. Individualism-Collectivism – the degree of individual or group orientation • Worship independent actor • Stress Protestant Ethic • Market Economies • Balanced-power political systems • Policies initiative based and apply to all 9/25/2020 • Loyalty and Sense of Duty • Stress identity and roots • Traditionalist ethic • Nonmarket Economies • Unbalanced-power political systems Hofstede's Dimensions 28

Individualism Collectivism Anglo – America 9/25/2020 Scandinavia Latin America Hofstede's Dimensions India Japan 29

. Individualism-Collectivism – the degree of individual or group orientation • From country list note position of US, Canada, and UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico and especially Singapore • Generally more economically developed countries have greater emphasis on individualism, but not always (see Japan, Taiwan, Singapore) – more Manchester School “Liberalism” • Way to map this is next slide …”Individualism correlates highly with contemporary level of economic development …correlation with per capita income is R = 0. 82 Hofstede's Dimensions 9/25/2020 30

Based On 9 Countries How well does this demonstrate the North-South Divide? 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Green is most Individual 31

Based On Larger Sample How well does this demonstrate the North-South Divide? 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Green is most 32 Individual

Individual - Collective 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 33

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 34

Power Distance – the extent to which less powerful members of an organization accept that power is distributed unequally. HIGH • Autocratic Governments • Polarization of Right and Left with weak Center • Taxes protect wealthy • Religions stress stratification 9/25/2020 LOW • Majority Rules • Stable Government • Strong Center • Taxes redistribute wealth • Religions stress equality Hofstede's Dimensions 35

High: Inequality OK Low: Inequality not OK Anglo – America 9/25/2020 Scandinavia Latin America India Hofstede's Dimensions Japan 36

Power Distance – the extent to which members of an organization accept that power is distributed unequally throughout the organization. • Again, From country list note position of US, Canada, and UK versus Japan, Hong Kong, Venezuela and Mexico (note that the listing of countries has remained constant) • Less relationship to development, see especially France • “A useful indicator of power-distance is the degree of income inequality within countries” See map 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 37

Based on 9 Countries 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions How well does this reflect a long history of popularly elected governments? 38

Based on More Countries 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions How well does this reflect a long history of popularly elected governments? 39

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 40

Uncertainty Avoidance (avoid risk) – describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk. HIGH (Avoid Risk) • Dependence on Government • Little tolerance for citizen protest • Elaborate Legal systems • More written rules • More ritual behavior 9/25/2020 LOW (Risk Takers) • Citizen competence • Tolerance for citizen protest • Casuistic approach to legal issues • More pragmatic thinking • Fewer written rules Hofstede's Dimensions 41

Uncertainty -- Avoidance table not available 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 42

Uncertainty Avoidance – describing how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity and risk. • Low U-A (don’t worry about risk) countries include the US, UK, CA, Scandinavia • High U-A (avoid risk) countries include Latin America, Japan, former Soviet Union empire 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 43

Risk Takers Avoid Risk Based on 9 Countries 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Note there is a pretty good relationship here with Annual Inflation Rate 44

Uncertainty Avoidance Take risks Avoid risks 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 45

Based on More Countries Note there are more shades then indicated in legend. 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Green is 46 most Avoidance

COMBINE FACTORS RISK and INDIVIDUALISM 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 47

Combination Uncertainty Avoidance and Individualism Collectivist Values? Asian Values? W. Europe Continenal Values? Anglo. Saxon Values? • http: //ausweb. scu. edu. au/aw 03/papers/edwards 2/paper. html 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions What is the true value of online information? Chris Edwards, [HREF 1] Digital Projects Leader, Asia Pacific Cluster, Scholarly Information Services/Library, Menzies Building No 2, Australian National University, [HREF 2] Acton, ACT 0200. e-mail: Christopher. Edwards@anu. edu. au 48

Masculinity-Femininity – expected outlook towards purpose of work & gender roles in a culture (note femininity is not feminism) • Aggressive pursuit of success -- Macho • Income strong measure of self • Jobs linked to gender roles – male jobs & female jobs • Live to work 9/25/2020 • Emphasis on caring and sharing & relationship building • Focus on Quality of Life not just $ • Both are breadwinners • Work to live Hofstede's Dimensions 49

Traits of Masculinity / Femininity High Masculine Low Masculine (Feminine) social norms ego oriented relationship oriented money and things are important quality of life and people are important live in order to work in order to live politics and economics economic growth high priority environment protection high priority conflict solved through force conflict solved through negotiation religion most important in life less important in life only men can be priests both men and women as priests work larger gender wage gap smaller gender wage gap fewer women in management more women in management preference for higher pay preference for fewer working hours family and school traditional family structure flexible family structure girls cry, boys don’t; boys fight, girls don’t both boys and girls cry; neither fight failing is a disaster failing a minor accident 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 50

Masculinity Femininity Anglo – America 9/25/2020 Scandinavia Latin America Hofstede's Dimensions India Japan 51

Masculinity-Femininity – expected gender roles in a culture • Note the distinct differentiation of Scandinavia in particular from most of the rest of Europe • Japan is the opposite as is Venezuela • US falls near the mean with slight masculinity while Canada almost exactly on it • Maps provided shows political participation by gender 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 52

Based on More Countries The only Red Countries (more Feminine here are mainly in NW Europe)9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Femininity 53 Masculinity

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 54

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 55

“Confucian Dynamism”/Future Orientation – the long or short term orientation of different cultures. SHORT TERM • Bottom Line • Profitability • Quick returns • Boom and bust-- hire and fire workers 9/25/2020 LONG TERM • Qualitative goals • Market share • Long term goals • Lifetime employment Hofstede's Dimensions 56

Short Term Long Term Based on 8 Countries 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions Note how well Confucian China and Japan standout, but not Muslim Indonesia 57

Based on More Countries Note country list is different here, yet pattern rather similar 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 58

Indulgence – the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses. HIGHER INDULGENCE • Free to enjoy life and have fun • Instant gratification • Lose social norms 9/25/2020 HIGHER RESTRAINT • Self restraint • Curb gratification • Strict social norms Hofstede's Dimensions 59

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 60

Summary Comparing US & Japan 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 61

Indulgence vs Restraint 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 62

Additional Possible New Factors • Pragmatism vs Norms / Rule of Man vs Rule of Law 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 63

Rule of law Rule of man 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 64

In class exercise • Break into small group • For a country provided at random speculate on where a randomly assigned country would fall on the 6 dimensions • Report back with reasoning • Then as a class we will check 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 65

Using Hofstede’s Dimensions Hofstede’s own corporate site https: //geerthofstede. com/landing-page/the-hofstede-centre. html A comparative tool on Hofstede’s site https: //www. hofstede-insights. com/product/compare-countries/ 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 66

Maps of Hofstede’s Dimensions • Unknown data set being displayed here • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=UXdlbg. Fx. Zo • Multiple videos illustrating the various dimensions http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=JZq. X 0 z 3 g 5 b. E&list=PL 5 FB 43779443 E 4 AEF 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 67

Additional Internet Sites About Hofstede’s Dimensions • “Hofstede’s Dimensions: A High Level Tool for Working Internationally. ” Bing, John W. http: //www. itapintl. com/hofstedesdimensions. htm • Hofstede’s Dimensions http: //www. pittstate. edu/mgmkt/culture. html • Dimensions of Culture http: //cwis. kub. nl/~fsw_2/iric/index 2. htm • December 2001 Compiled by Hazel Cameron, Business and Economics Librarian with assistance from Robyn Adcox, Reference Specialist, Western Washington University 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 68

From Family to Culture Regions: An explanation of cultural traditions • Emmanuel Todd -- Family relations serve as the model for political systems by defining the relationship between the individual and authority • Political Ideologies are no more than family relations writ large • Values and paradigms are passed from one generation to the next http: //www. fujiwara-shoten. co. jp/graphy/todd. jpg 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 69

Todd’s 8 Family Types • • Absolute Nuclear Exogamous community Authoritarian Egalitarian Endogamous community Asymmetrical community Anomic African systems 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 70

Eight Family Types 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 71

9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 72

Few Definitions • Absolute Nuclear – kids socialized to individualized values – must strive to succeed and support own individual nuclear family – preference for individual rights and liberty – laissez-faire liberalism (free market) – US, UK 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 73

• Authoritarian Family A standard of the Prussian Army used before 1807 – paternalistic – inequality of brothers through inheritance – seen in German areas, Japan, Korea, … – authority guarantees security -- strong central governments result 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 74

Albanian extended family • Exogamous Community Family – Equality of brothers and cohabitation of married sons and parents – Found in Russian, Albania, Central Italy, China, Vietnam 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 75

Former Pres. Zuma, S. Africa with his wives • African Family Systems – stable interpersonal relationship between mother and children – polygamy – vertical patrimonial power relationships are limited – cross community social organizations leading to Western style democracy creates difficulties 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 76

Results Global Ideologies mimic Family Systems • Note clear link between Community Exogenous Family and Communism on next slide 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 77

Results Global Ideologies mimic (1500 -1900) Family Systes 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 78

Emmanuel Todd Video In particular listen to minute 6 thru 8, but whole thing is great. – Link of Family Type and Communism as Political System 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 yz 4 z. UGlh. K 8 79

References • Hofstede, Geert. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Sage: Beverly Hills. • Todd, Emmanuel. 1985. The Explanation of Ideology. Basil Blackwell: Oxford. 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 80

So what about today – but you need to know French https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Zg 5 u. MV 7 h 9 PU 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 81

Summary Table of Nine Countries Plus Hong Kong Used to investigate a number of countries around the world From: http: //www. pittstate. edu/mgmkt/culture. html 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 82

Power Distance 9/25/2020 Hofstede's Dimensions 83