ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION Dr Pter Csath ENVIRONMENTALLY

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION Dr. Péter Csathó

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION 1. History of agriculture and soil fertility 2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis 4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments 5. Principles and method of nutrient balance 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspects of soil p. H and lime status 7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition 9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition 10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization experiments 11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some farms

11. The structure of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS

Yield growth of the main producing countries, t / ha 1950 -1987 1950 1987 yield increase

The intensive and environment-friendly fertilization advisory systems philosophy Intensive nutrient supply system (NAK MÉM 1979, 1981) Strive to reach Maximum yield The goal was to fertilize the soil To reach and maintain good or very good PK supply of the soil To fill the soil with PK fast Each year PK-fertilization by all kinds of PK supply level Bigger critical values for soil nutrient supply Unified critical values for soil nutrient supply Bigger specific nutrient content The specific nutrient contents are independent from the planned yield levels Environmentally friendly fertilization system (TAKI ARI-1998) • Strive to reach economic yield • The goal was to fertilize the plant • To reach and maintain medium PK supply of the soil • To fill the soil with PK slowly • Periodic PK-fertilization • PK-fertilization by good, medium or weak PK supply level • Smaller critical values for soil nutrient supply • critical values for soil nutrient supply are depending on plant species • Smaller specific nutrient content • The specific nutrient contents are dependent on the planned yield levels

retained values • Soil PK supply calssified by Plant species (Id. Várallyay 1950) • Artificial fertilization guidelines (NAK MÉM 1979, 1981) • Integrated advisory system (RISSAC 1988) • Periodic PK-fertilization (Chris, et al. , 1988, Kadlicskó et al. 1992) • TAKI-ARI system (Csathó et al. 1998)

The planned yield level (T) The proposed N , P 2 O 5 and K 2 O active ingredient quantities (x) are calculated by the program according to the following formula: x = (T ˙ Ft ˙ s) K T planned yield level, t / ha Ft planned crop specific nutrient content depending on the yield level s multiplier depending on soil nutrient supply category K correction factor

Planned yield levels Yield levels of environmentally friendly crop advisory system, for the five main plants The estimation of yield level is according to Antal (2000) method. The recommended NPK doses for good average yield level allows to reach a bumper crop level in favorable years.

specific plant nutrient content (Ft) depending on the planned yield level The proposed N , P 2 O 5 and K 2 O active ingredient quantities (x) are calculated by the program according to the following formula: x = (T ˙ Ft ˙ s) K T planned yield level, t / ha Ft planned crop specific nutrient content depending on the yield level s multiplier depending on soil nutrient supply category K correction factor

specific nutrient content of the plants Specific K 2 O content of the five main arable crops depending on the planned yield level, Pro Planta fertilizer advisory system

Correlation between the yield and the plants specific K content winter wheat Maize Martonvásár, 1960 -1995 (Árendás 1998)

The effect of the specific nutrient contents depending on the level of the planned crop on the N (PK) doses by different yield levels

Soil nutrient supply limits Correlation between soil AL-P 2 O 5 content and the winter wheat grain yield Nagyhörcsök calcareous chernozem (Ca. CO 3 = 5%) (Csathó 1985)

WINTER WHEAT MAIZE The effects of N, P and K on the relative yield and excess yield of maize. and winter wheat N, P and K-response field experiments database, 1960 -2006

The soils AL-K 2 O coverage limits grouped by texturep predicted by the domestic field corn trials between 1960 and 2000 K fertilization. (Csathó 1997, 2005)

Classification of the five main arable crops according to their N, P, andr K-consume Pro Planta fertilizer advisory system 1: has a large consumption for the given nutrients; 2: less demanding for the given nutrients

Factor depending on the category of the soil nutrient supply (s) The proposed N , P 2 O 5 and K 2 O active ingredient quantities (x) are calculated by the program according to the following formula: x = (T ˙ Ft ˙ s) K T planned yield level, t / ha Ft planned crop specific nutrient content depending on the yield level s multiplier depending on soil nutrient supply category K correction factor

Multipliers depending on the soil nutrient supply category Multipliers for "A" (minimum) level by low, medium, and high potassium-supplied areas in Hungary

Multipliers depending on the soil nutrient supply category Multipliers for „B" (environmantally sound) level by low, medium, and high potassium-supplied areas in Hungary

Multipliers depending on the soil nutrient supply category Multipliers for „C" (balance approach) level by low, medium, and high potassium-supplied areas in Hungary

Multipliers depending on the soil nutrient supply category Multipliers for „D" (maximum) level by low, medium, and high potassium-supplied areas in Hungary

PK fertilization strategy in Pro Planta system Minimum level From good PK supply there is no PK fertilization Environmentally friendly level From very good PK supply there is no PK fertilization balance approach From excessive fertilization PK supply no PK there is maximum level From excessive PK supply there is no PK fertilization The MÉM NAK (1979) advisory system proposes PK fertilization even by excessive PK supply and its doses are usually much larger than that of Pro Planta system by the other supply categories too.

The correction of the fertilizer doses are needed to take into account in some cases (manure, cover crops, plough back of crop residues , etc. ). The proposed N , P 2 O 5 - and K 2 O-active ingredients (x), are calculated according to the formula below: x = (T ˙ Ft ˙ s) K T planned yield level, t / ha Ft planned crop specific nutrient content depending on the yield level s multiplier depending on soil nutrient supply category K correction factor

The modifying effect of manure: farmyard manure Average nutrient content of high quality mature manure (kg / t 10) (Árendás 1995) * In case of weak quality forage, improper manure management * * In case of predominantly weak quality forage, proper manure management *** In case of good quality forage, proper manure management Average fertilizer equivalent of manure: N: 0. 6 - P 1. 0 - K 1. 0.

Average nutrient supply capacity of weak, medium and high quality manure (kg / t 10) (Árendás 1995) on sandy loam (KA<36),

Average nutrient supply capacity of weak, medium and high quality manure (kg / t 10) (Árendás 1995) on loam, clay loam and clay soils 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system

The manure modifying effect: Slurry Average nutrient content of the slurry (Árendás 1995) The slurry average fertilizer equivalent: N 0. 5 - P 1. 0 - K 1. 0. 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system

Average nutritional supply for slurry (Árendás 1995)

The effect of forecrops: Forecrop effects reducing the N demand The effect of legunes reducing N fertilizer (Árendás 1995)

N fertilizer requirement changed by some Spring-sown forecrops ploughed back in summer ( GYŐRFFY Árendás and Csathó, 1998) 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system

The effect of the forecrop: K fertilizer demand reducing forecrop effects If the stalk and leaves remain in the area 10 kg per ton grain yield less K 2 O needs for cereals and maize and 30 kg per ton grain yield less K 2 O needs for sunflower than normally Depending on the soil K supply of the area the following differentiated multipliers are used designating the decreaseof K fertilizer demand Very weak: 0. 25; low 0. 50; medium: 0. 75; For good, very good and over-supplied we use K: 1. 00 multiplier. 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system

Fertilization and liming recommendation system for meso and micro elements Pro Planta fertilizer recommendation system gives recommendations for the required Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and B doses.

Magnesium: Poor and medium Mg suppled areas Poor and medium Mg supplied areas can only occur in acidic sandy loam and sandy areas, The distribution of the soils in Hungary related to their magnesium supply (Loch, 1983, 1999)

Among the micronutrients zinc has a special attention according to or system as a lack of this element is observed in a significant area. The system only proposes Zn fertilization for crops with intensive Zn demand (corn, sorghum, soybean, linseed, flax) and the after effect is also taken into consideration by doses introduced into the soil. The zinc supply of soils in Hungary (Elek et al. , 1985)

In Hungary the proportion of Mn deficient areas is negligible The Mn doses proposed are between 0. 3 kg / ha (bean) and 1. 0 kg / ha (beet) (soil ferilization) The Mn supply of soils in Hungary (Elek et al. , 1985)

In Hungary the proportion of Cu deficient areas is small On Cu deficient areas the following foliar doses of Cu is recommended: • 0. 1 kg / ha for barley, spring feed barley, oats, alfalfa and flax • 0. 2 kg / ha for winter wheat, sunflower, hemp and fodder beet The Cu supply of soils in Hungary (Elek et al. , 1985)

hot water extracted boron supply categories is mainly developed based on international experiences The proposed doses in boron deficient areas are 2. 4 kg / ha (alfalfa, red clover, fodder beet) or 3. 2 kg / ha (sugar beet) respectively. . We do not recommend boron fertilization for other plants. / There are further species among field vegetables that requires much boron /

hot water extracted boron supply categories is mainly developed based on international experiences The proposed doses in boron deficient areas are : • 2. 4 kg / ha for alfalfa, red clover, fodder beet • 3. 2 kg / ha for sugar beet • We do not recommend boron fertilization for other plants / There are further species among field vegetables that requires much boron /

Lime fertilizer advisory system The "minimum" and "environmentally friendly" level • for sand, sandy loam and loamy soils is 1 -2 t / ha dose of lime , • for clay loam and clay soils the lime doses are 1/ 4 times as much as that calculated according to y 1 and KA values. The "balance approach" and „integrated approach" recommends ½ times as much as that calculated according to y 1 and KA values. for all kinds of texture. p. HKCl <4. 50: 250 thousand ha; p. HKCl: 4. 51 to 5. 50: 750 thousand ha; p. HKCl: 5. 51 to 6. 50: 1100 thousand ha. 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system

(Sarkadi, wake 1984) x = any soil acidity

The Pro Planta cost and environmentally friendly fertilizer advisory system can help to prepare fertilization plans for the following groups of plants: Field crops: 64 plants (Csathó et al. , 1998) Field vegetable plants: 45 plants (Terbe et al. , 2004) Fruit: 16 fruit species (Szucs, 2006) Grapes (Blonde, 2006) A total of 125 plants We are planning to extend the scope of the plants in our advisory system.

RISSAC - ARI fertilizer advisory software, soil data input window

RISSAC - ARI fertilizer recommendation software vegetable data input window

RISSAC - ARI fertilizer advisory software modifying factors input window

Summary tables on ingredient supply and demand ARI fertilizer advisory software - RISSAC

"An environmental and cost-saving fertilizer advisory system won the Hungarian Innovation Grand Prix. The winner was selected from 35 tenders. The Grand award was given to the Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Research Institute and the Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the spin off company that they created together, Duna TV, 2008. 03. 28. More information: www. proplanta. hu

11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant feeding advisory system