Environmental Success Factors in Pig Farm Waste Management

Environmental Success Factors in Pig Farm Waste Management Anna Brooks, MPH Student Walden University PUBH 6165 -1 Instructor: Dr. Rebecca Heick Spring Quarter, 2010

Service Project Background • Orphanage: Casa del Aquila • Cusco High altitude Temperate climate • Environmental focus Protect water supply Minimize methane release (Cusco, Peru, 2010)

Hog Farm Waste Disposal Traditional Method of Disposal Large Lagoons • natural, unassisted degradation • system of staged pools • eventual recycling as fertilizer sludge (Conti, , 2009)

Problems with lagoon methods • Release of methane gas into atmosphere • Site for pathogens to reproduce • Leaching nitrates and phosphorous into water supply • Stench • (Animal Waste Methane Energy Recovery, 2009) (NORTH CAROLINA HOG Farm Agrees to Comply With Emergency Administrative Order Issued by the EPA , 2000) (Kase, Julie A. ; Correa, Maria T. ; Sobsey, Mark D. ; , 2009), (MRSA found in pigs in the USA. Irish Veterinary Journal, 62(4), 231, 2009)

Emerging alternatives Biogas Capture Method Engineered, covered lagoons (Ferrer, I. , Gamiz, M. , Almeida, M. , & Ruiz, A. , 2009) (Animal Waste Methane Energy Recovery, 2009)

Emerging Alternatives (cont. ) Complete Mix Digesters Heated, covered lagoons (Animal Waste Methane Energy Recovery, 2009)

Emerging alternatives (cont. ) Constructed wetland Filtering system of dense plant roots and gravel (Chen, S. , Kao, C. , Jou, C. , Fu, Y. , & Chang, Y. , 2008)

Summary of Alternatives • Covered lagoon (CL) • Heat/mix covered lagoon (HMCL) • Constructed wetland (CW)

Solution Rankings Best to Worst Options Cost to install CW, CL, HMCL Waste recovery effectiveness HMCL, CW Potential negative impact to water sources HMCL, CW Reduction of pathogen risk HMCL, CW

Recommendations Bypass traditional lagoon methods and install the best alternative system funds will allow. Shown in order of effectiveness and risk minimization: 1) Heat/mix covered lagoon 2) Covered lagoon 3) Constructed wetland

References Animal Waste Methane Energy Recovery. (2009, December 11). Retrieved April 20, 2010, from Environmental Protection Agency: http: //www. uspowerpartners. org/Topics/SECTION 6 Topic-Animal. Waste. Methane. htm Chen, S. , Kao, C. , Jou, C. , Fu, Y. , & Chang, Y. (2008, April). Use of a Constructed Wetland for Post-Treatment of Swine Wastewater. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(3), 407 -418. doi: 10. 1089/ees. 2007. 0004. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from Academic Search Premier: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer? vid=17&hid=106&sid=851 a 6 ef 7 -d 4 fc-4 a 31 -8 ceb 999 e 5 fcd 5293%40 sessionmgr 111 Conti, J. (2009, June 20). Transmitted from pigs [bioenergy conversion]. Engineering & Technology (17509637), 4(11), 46 -49. doi: 10. 1049/et. 2009. 1109. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from Academic Search Complete: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer? vid=5&hid=111&sid=4 e 8 d 6 fc 3 -a 309 -499 e-9 c 1 bcc 57 d 1689 bc 8%40 sessionmgr 104 Cusco, Peru. (2010). Retrieved April 24, 2010, from Info Peru. com: http: //www. infoperu. com/cusco_peru. html Ferrer, I. , Gamiz, M. , Almeida, M. , & Ruiz, A. (2009). Pilot project of biogas production from pig manure and urine mixture at ambient temperature in Ventanilla (Lima, Peru). Waste Management, 29(1), 168 -173. doi: 10. 1016/j. wasman. 2008. 02. 014. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from Academic Search Premier: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/detail? vid=7&hid=106&sid=851 a 6 ef 7 -d 4 fc-4 a 31 -8 ceb 999 e 5 fcd 5293%40 sessionmgr 111&bdata=Jn. Npd. GU 9 ZWhvc 3 Qtb. Gl 2 ZSZz. Y 29 w. ZT 1 za. XRl#db=a 9 h&AN=35202840 Gray, Gregory C. ; Mc. Carthy, Troy; Capuano, Ana W. ; Setterquist, Sharon F. ; Olsen, Christopher W. ; Alavanja, Michael C. ; Lynch, Charles F. ; . (2007, December). Swine Workers and Swine Influenza Virus Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(12), 1871 -1878. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from Academic Search Complete: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer? vid=4&hid=111&sid=11 fd 0523 -e 5 a 2 -4 fd 4 -85 ca -88 dbec 2 a 4623%40 sessionmgr 111 Kase, Julie A. ; Correa, Maria T. ; Sobsey, Mark D. ; . (2009, June). Detection and molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine herds and their faecal wastes Journal of Water & Health, 7(2), 344 -357. doi: 10. 2166/wh. 2009. 137. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from Academic Search Complete: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer? vid=9&hid=111&sid=4 e 8 d 6 fc 3 -a 309 -499 e-9 c 1 bcc 57 d 1689 bc 8%40 sessionmgr 104 Marc Ribaudo, Noel Gollehon, Marcel Aillery, Jonathan Kaplan, Robert Johansson, Jean. (2003, June). Manure Management for. Water Quality: Costs to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from United States Department of Agriculture: http: //www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer 824 fm. pdf MRSA found in pigs in the USA. Irish Veterinary Journal, 62(4), 231. (2009, April). Retrieved April 20, 2010, from Academic Search Complete: http: //web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer? vid=13&hid=111&sid=4 e 8 d 6 fc 3 -a 309 -499 e-9 c 1 bcc 57 d 1689 bc 8%40 sessionmgr 104 NORTH CAROLINA HOG Farm Agrees to Comply With Emergency Administrative Order Issued by the EPA. (2000, July 21). Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http: //yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/b 1 ab 9 f 485 b 098972852562 e 7004 dc 686/840 fe 980 d 584 b 99385257361006 b 227 a!Open. Document Pistia stratiotes (aquatic plant). (2005, December 30). Retrieved April 25, 2010, from Global Invasive Species Database: http: //www. issg. org/database/species/ecology. asp? si=285&fr=1&sts=sss