Environmental Science Systematic study our environment Natural world

Environmental Science Systematic study (our environment) Natural world Technological world (we build) ( Environmental Engineering ) Cunningham and Saigo (1995)

Natural World n n n n Endangered earth (1998) (Earth Planet) Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere (Biology)

Biology n Science : studies / living things n Cellular organization Biological information (genetic material) Evolution n n

Living things n n n n Units called cell Ordered: chemical /complex /living Use energy (from environments) Respond to stimuli Changes called development (differentiation) Reproduce themselves Information to offspring (genetic material) Evolve (adapted to their environment)

Environmental Impact Assessment Existing data Project Impact / Assessment Mitigation Monitoring

Existing data n n n n n Physical factors Biological factors Terrestrial (ecosystem) factors Aquatic (ecosystem) factors Water qualities Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos Aquatic fauna Aquatic plants

โครงการโรงไฟฟากระบ 300 MW Cooling system 10 Kg/cm 2 Zooplankton nauplii larvae (shrimps) 0. 1 % natural survival Baht (Economic species / kg ) 300 ลานบาท / ป (2525( โรงไฟฟาขนอน 200 ลานบาท / ป

Platform Decommissioning n n Mercury Arsenic n ประมง กง ปลา n บาท / ป n

What is Decommissioning? n n The process which the operator of an offshore oil and gas installation goes through to plan, gain government approval, and implement the removal, disposal or re-use of a structure when it is no longer needed for its current purpose 4 distinct stages q q Different decommissioning options are developed, assessed and selected balancing environmental factors, cost, technical feasability, health and safety and public acceptability factors Operator applies to the government to cease production. The government grants a Cessation of Production permit or ‘COP’. Operator gains government approval to proceed with its recommended decommissioning option Parts of the structure removed to shore are then re-used, recycled or disposed of

The 1995 Brent Spar Incident n n In December 1994, Shell Oil submitted a plan to sink Brent Spar, a 14, 500 ton oil platform in the North Atlantic Sea to the ocean floor Greenpeace inspired widespread protests when on April 30, 1995, activists occupied the Brent Spar in an effort to prevent the deep sea disposal of the oil platform Public outrage was so extreme that in Germany 200 Shell service stations were threatened, 50 were damaged, 2 firebombed, and one raked with bullets Shell Oil still maintained that sinking the platform would have been the best option if it weren’t for society’s misconceptions about the implications of the method of disposal

Research Issues which have not been adequately addressed q q q q q accurate estimates of fish aggregations and stocks interaction between reef aggregations and stocks the presence of juvenile fish populations fish residency and other behavioral traits scope for a gear-specific reef fishery Fish tainting through oil contamination Effects on the physical, biological, and chemical environment The fate of drill cuttings piles Reef life expectancy