ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Pollution Pollution is the introduction of

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Pollution • Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability,

Pollution • Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem.

Types of pollution • • Air pollution Water pollution Land or soil pollution Noise

Types of pollution • • Air pollution Water pollution Land or soil pollution Noise pollution Thermal pollution Marine pollution Nuclear pollution

AIR POLLUTION • Air pollution is the presence of contaminants in atmosphere in quantities

AIR POLLUTION • Air pollution is the presence of contaminants in atmosphere in quantities such that it is injurious to human, plant animal life and property. • Sources of air pollution : – Natural sources : Volcanic eruption, forest fires, biological decay. – Manmade sources : thermal power plant , fuel burning, agriculture activities.

Classification of Air pollutants: 1. Primary air pollutants: CO, NO & SO 2. Emitted

Classification of Air pollutants: 1. Primary air pollutants: CO, NO & SO 2. Emitted directly in the atmosphere. INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS: • Radon gas emitted from building materials like bricks, concrete, tiles etc. , • It is present in natural gas and ground water. • burning of fuel in the kitchen, cigaratte, smoke. 2. Secondary air pollutants: HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 Primary pollutant may react with one another to form new pollutants.

Sulphur dioxide: • The combustion of sulphur containing fuels such as coal and oil.

Sulphur dioxide: • The combustion of sulphur containing fuels such as coal and oil. • It can be converted into sulphuric acid. Human Sources : • Coal burning in power plant (88%) • Industrial processes (10%) • Environmental effects : • In humans : it causes eye irritation, cough, lung diseases including lung cancer and asthma • In plants: it causes damage of leaves, bleaching of chlorophyll which turns leaves brown, damage to crops and to growth of plants.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide are three main

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide are three main oxides of nitrogen found in the atmosphere Sources: The sources for the oxides of nitrogen are: • Bacterial decomposition of nitrogenous compounds • Combustion during lightning : During lightning, oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere combine to give oxides of nitrogen. • Industries and automobile exhaust - Air is sucked into the IC engines. At high temperatures, nitrogen and oxygen in the air combine to form nitric oxide.

Effects: The oxides of nitrogen combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitrous

Effects: The oxides of nitrogen combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitrous and nitric acid. This leads to increase in the acidity of rain water. Formation of photochemical smog: oxides of nitrogen combine with hydrocarbons present in the atmosphere forming peroxyacyl nitrate. Control: Using catalytic converter in automobiles, Catalytic converters use Pt/ Rh catalyst. the presence of these catalysts, the oxides of nitrogen are converted to nitrogen and oxygen. 2 NOx ---- N 2 + x O 2

Carbon monoxide Sources: • Cigarette smoking, incomplete burning of fuels. • Automobile exhaust- carbon

Carbon monoxide Sources: • Cigarette smoking, incomplete burning of fuels. • Automobile exhaust- carbon monoxide is formed during the combustion of fuel such as petrol. (77%) • Industries: carbon monoxide is released by industries such as iron and steel and petroleum. CO 2 + C ------- 2 CO 2 ----- 2 CO + O 2

Effects: In humans: • When the atmosphere is polluted with carbon monoxide, on inhalation,

Effects: In humans: • When the atmosphere is polluted with carbon monoxide, on inhalation, CO combines with the hemoglobin to form car boxy hemoglobin and hence oxygen carrying capacity of the blood decreases. • This causes, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness. • When inhaled for a long duration it may cause even death. • In environment : it increase globe temp.

Lead pollutant: Sources: The exhaust from automobiles which use lead tetraethyl as antiknocking agent.

Lead pollutant: Sources: The exhaust from automobiles which use lead tetraethyl as antiknocking agent. Paint pigments : Litharge and red lead ( oxides of lead ) and lead chromate are used as pigments. These cause lead pollution. Effects: • It leads to anaemia and blood cancer in human beings. • Lead enters the blood and various organs of the body including the brain and the Kidneys leading to dysfunction of the kidney and damage to the brain.

Control of air pollution Source Control: • Use only unleaded petrol. • Use petroleum

Control of air pollution Source Control: • Use only unleaded petrol. • Use petroleum products and other fuels that have low sulphur and ash content. • Reduce the no. of private vehicles • Ensure the houses, schools are not located on busy streets. • Plant trees along busy streets to reduce particulates, CO and noise. • Industries should be situated outside the city • Use catalytic converters to control CO &hydrocarbons

Control measures in industries • The emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels

Control measures in industries • The emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels by industries. • Air pollution control equipments must be made mandatory. • Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for the pollutants, to know the pollution levels.

EQUIPMENTS USED TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION • Use sufficient supply of oxygen in combustion

EQUIPMENTS USED TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION • Use sufficient supply of oxygen in combustion chamber, so that the combustion is complete. • Use mechanical devices such as scrubbers, cyclones, bag houses and electrostatic precipitators to reduce particulate pollutants

Electrostatic precipitator

Electrostatic precipitator

Bag house filter/cyclone separator

Bag house filter/cyclone separator

Wet scrubber

Wet scrubber

WATER POLLUTION Any alteration in physical, chemical or biological properties of water, as well

WATER POLLUTION Any alteration in physical, chemical or biological properties of water, as well as the addition of any foreign substance makes it unfit for health and which decreases the utility of water, is known as water pollution. Definition of effluent: Liquid waste flowing out of a factory, farm, commercial establishment, or a household into a water body such as a river, lake, etc. ,

Main sources of water pollution are: • Domestic and municipal sewage • Industrial waste

Main sources of water pollution are: • Domestic and municipal sewage • Industrial waste • Agricultural waste • Radioactive materials, etc. , POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES Two types of water pollutants exist; Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into water. e. g. , Oil spill Nonpoint source. A non-point source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. e. g. , Fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain

Point Sources

Point Sources

Non Point Sources

Non Point Sources

Types of pollutant: 1. Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa source : animal waste. Effect

Types of pollutant: 1. Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa source : animal waste. Effect : variety of diseases 2. Oxygen demanding waste: Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen dissolved in given quantity of water at a particular P and T. The saturation point 8 -15 mg/lit. Sources: Sewage, paper waste, food processing waste. Effects: affect to water quality, affect fish survival and migration.

3. Inorganic chemicals : Acids, pb, arsenic, selenium, sodium chloride and fluorides. Causes :

3. Inorganic chemicals : Acids, pb, arsenic, selenium, sodium chloride and fluorides. Causes : surface runoff, effluents Effects: Cause skin cancer, damage nervous system, harm to fish and aquatic life, lower crop yields. 4. Organic chemicals: Oil, gasoline, plastics, solvents , detergents. Causes: Industrial efflents, surface runoff forms. Effects: Causing effect nervous system , cancer, harm fish and wild life.

5. Plant nutrients: Nitrate, phosphate and ammonium ions Causes: sewage, runoff water from agriculture,

5. Plant nutrients: Nitrate, phosphate and ammonium ions Causes: sewage, runoff water from agriculture, fertillizer. Effects: Excessive growth of algae, lower the oxygen carrying capacity. 6. Sediment: Soil Causes: Land erosion. Effects: Can reduce photosynthesis, Affect aquatic food webs.

Sewage treatment In primary treatment, the suspended solids and floating objects are removed using

Sewage treatment In primary treatment, the suspended solids and floating objects are removed using coarse screens and sieves. In secondary treatment, the maximum proportions of the suspended inorganic/ organic solids are removed from the liquid sewage. The liquid material passes into the sedimentation tank and finely suspended particles are allowed to settle by adding coagulants like Alum.

Tertiary treatment Remove detergents, metal ions, nitrates and pesticides, as these are not removed

Tertiary treatment Remove detergents, metal ions, nitrates and pesticides, as these are not removed in the earlier treatments. The phosphates are removed as calcium phosphates by adding calcium hydroxide at p. H 10 -11. At this p. H, ammonium salts are also converted into ammonia. The effluent is chlorinated to remove pathogenic bacteria's and finally passed through activated charcoal to absorb gases.

Control of water pollution: • Avoid Pesticides and fertilizers on sloped land areas. •

Control of water pollution: • Avoid Pesticides and fertilizers on sloped land areas. • The nutrient rich water can be used as fertilizer in the fields. • Separate drainage of sewage and rain water should be provided to prevent overflow of sewage with rain water. • Planting more trees. • Use nitrogen fixing plants to supplement the use of fertilizers.

SOIL POLLUTION Soil pollution is caused by the presence of human-made chemicals or other

SOIL POLLUTION Soil pollution is caused by the presence of human-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

This type of contamination typically arises from, • Application of pesticides and fertilizers •

This type of contamination typically arises from, • Application of pesticides and fertilizers • Percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping. • Discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals.

Effects of soil pollution: • Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum,

Effects of soil pollution: • Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic. • Chronic exposure to benzene leads to leukemia. (blood cancer) • Mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage. • Sewage sludge has many types of bacteria, viruses and worms which cause types of diseases and also emits toxic vapours.

 • Radioactive fallout cause abnormalities. eg. , Strontium-90 instead of calcium gets deposited

• Radioactive fallout cause abnormalities. eg. , Strontium-90 instead of calcium gets deposited in the bones. • Soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. • Effects occur to agricultural lands which have certain types of soil contamination. • Alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms.

 • N & P from fertilizer in soil reach water bodies with agricultural

• N & P from fertilizer in soil reach water bodies with agricultural runoff cause Eutrophication. • Chemicals contaminates ground water resources. • Acids, alkalis, heavy metals affect soil fertility. • Inhibit non target organism like flora, fauna and soil productivity.

Control of soil pollution : • Effluents should be properly treated before discharging on

Control of soil pollution : • Effluents should be properly treated before discharging on the soil. • Solid waste should be properly collected and disposed off by appropriate method. • From the waste, recovery of useful products should be done. • Cattle dung should be used for methane generation. • Microbial degradation of biodegradable substance for reducing soil pollution.

NOISE POLLUTION Definition: Noise Pollution can be defied as unwanted or unpleasant sounds that

NOISE POLLUTION Definition: Noise Pollution can be defied as unwanted or unpleasant sounds that causes discomfort for all living things. • The various sources of noises are associated with urban development; road-air and rail transport; Industrial noise. • In our country, indiscriminate use of loud speakers, generator sets and firecrackers has given new dimensions to the noise pollution problem. • The commonly used parameter for noise is the sound level in decibel(d. B). Human ears are sensitive in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20000 Hz

Major Noise Sources: 1. Road Traffic: Road traffic noise is one of the most

Major Noise Sources: 1. Road Traffic: Road traffic noise is one of the most widespread and growing environmental problems in urban area. The impact of road traffic noise on the community depends an various factors such as road location and design, land use planning measures, building design, Vehicle standards and deriver behavior. Motor vehicle ownership in India has increased substantially over the last 30 years and general levels of road traffic noise throughout India have increased through out the period.

2. Air Traffic: The extend of aircraft noise impact depends on the type of

2. Air Traffic: The extend of aircraft noise impact depends on the type of aircraft flown, the number of flights and flight paths. The increase in number of flights, an important factor is overall noise levels, the led to an increase in general noise levels associated with air traffic. 3. Rail Traffic: The two main sources of noise and vibration relating to the operation of the rail network is 1. The operation of trains and the maintenance 2. Construction of rail infrastructure.

4. Neighborhood & Domestic Noise: Other significant source of noise annoyance is car alarms,

4. Neighborhood & Domestic Noise: Other significant source of noise annoyance is car alarms, building construction and household noise, Celebrations- religious function, social and elections. 5. Noise generated by noise levels of 125 d. B as per Environmental rules 1999.

Effects: 1. Noise can disturb out work, rest, sleep and communication. 2. It can

Effects: 1. Noise can disturb out work, rest, sleep and communication. 2. It can damage our hearing and evoke other psychological, physiological and possibly pathological reactions. 3. It effects health efficiency and behaviour. It may cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys and liver. 4. It causes muscles to contract leading to nervous breakdown, tension.

5. Change in hormone content of blood, which turn increase the rate of heart

5. Change in hormone content of blood, which turn increase the rate of heart beat. 6. Recently it has been reported that blood is also thickened by excessive noise. 7. Hearing damage : it can cause permanent hearing loss. 8. Interferences with man’s communication : In noise area communication is affected.

The CPCB-The central pollution control board recommended noise levels. Sound Source Sound Level d.

The CPCB-The central pollution control board recommended noise levels. Sound Source Sound Level d. B Subjective Feeling of Human Beings Rockets and missiles, heavy explosives 160 Unbearable Jet Planes and cannons, explosives 140 Unbearable Aircraft Propeller and Machine Guns 130 Unbearable Diesel, steam engine and ball mills, crackers 120 Unbearable Electric saws and looms, heavy trucks 110 Unbearable

CONTROL MEASURES OF NOISE POLLUTION: 1. REDUCTION IN SOURCE OF NOISE : Heavy vehicles

CONTROL MEASURES OF NOISE POLLUTION: 1. REDUCTION IN SOURCE OF NOISE : Heavy vehicles and old vehicles may not be allowed in populated areas. 2. Noise making machines should be kept in containers with sound absorbing media. 3. Proper oiling will reduce the noise from the machinery. 4. Use sound absorbing silencers: Silencers can reduce noise by absorbing sound. 5. Planting more trees having broad leaves.

6. Through law: sound production is minimized at various social function. 7. The use

6. Through law: sound production is minimized at various social function. 7. The use of fireworks or fire crackers shall not be permitted except between 6. 00 a. m and 10. 00 p. m. No fireworks or fire crackers shall be used between 10. 00 p. m and 6. 00 a. m. 8. Silence zone in area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions , courts and religious places.

THERMAL POLLUTION • Energy is the basic necessity for the economic development of a

THERMAL POLLUTION • Energy is the basic necessity for the economic development of a country. • The electrical energy is produced in power plants or generating stations. The conventional power plants are: - Steam or Thermal Power station, - Hydro-electric Power station, - Nuclear Power station

Steam or Thermal Power station In thermal power station, the steam is produced in

Steam or Thermal Power station In thermal power station, the steam is produced in the boiler, using the heat released by the combustion of coal, oil or natural gas. The steam is used to rotate the steam turbine (impulse/ reaction). The steam turbine drives the alternator, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. 10 -16 o. C higher than initial temp.

Hydro-electric Power station • Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower.

Hydro-electric Power station • Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower. • The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. • It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.

Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has

Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas & carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Nuclear Power station Nuclear power is produced by controlled (i. e. , non-explosive) nuclear

Nuclear Power station Nuclear power is produced by controlled (i. e. , non-explosive) nuclear reactions. Commercial and utility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to produce steam, which is then used to generate electricity.

Effects of thermal pollution • Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen

Effects of thermal pollution • Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. • Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals. • A large increase in temperature can lead to the denaturing of life. -barrier for oxygen penetration into deep cold water. • Fish migration is affected due to formation of various thermal zones. • Discharge of hot water near the shores can be disturb and even kill young fishes.

 • Toxicity of pesticides , detergents and chemicals into the effluent increases with

• Toxicity of pesticides , detergents and chemicals into the effluent increases with increase in temp. • The composition of flora and fauna changes. Control of thermal pollution • Thermal pollution from industrial sources is generated mostly by power plants, petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, steel mills and smelters. • Cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation. • Cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer. • Cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.

RADIO ACTIVE OR NUCLEAR POLLUTION • The uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a

RADIO ACTIVE OR NUCLEAR POLLUTION • The uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment. • Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of radionuclide (radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive energy. • Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles

Effects • Radioactive contamination can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection

Effects • Radioactive contamination can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection that causes discomfort, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, and burns skin and hair loss. • The cumulative damage can cause serious health problems long term, such as cancer, especially leukemia and Thyroid Cancer. • For this reason, it is important to use personal protective equipment when working with radioactive materials.

Control methods: • It includes the stoppage of leakage from the radioactive materials including

Control methods: • It includes the stoppage of leakage from the radioactive materials including the nuclear reactors, industries and laboratories. • The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. • The protective garments must be worn by the workers who work in the nuclear plants. • The natural radiation must be at the permissible limits and they must not cross it.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: Each household generates garbage or waste day in and day out.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: Each household generates garbage or waste day in and day out. There are different types of solid waste depending on their source Types of solid waste: Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: Household waste is generally classified as, • Municipal waste • Industrial waste as hazardous waste • Biomedical waste or hospital waste • E waste-Electronic waste

SOURCES OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE: • Waste from homes: polyethylene bags, Al cans,

SOURCES OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE: • Waste from homes: polyethylene bags, Al cans, glass bottles, waste paper, cloth, food waste, empty metal. • Waste from shops: Cans, bottles, waste paper, tea leaves, packaging material. • Biomedical waste : discarded medicines, chemical wastes, disposable syringes, swabs, bandages and body fluids. • Construction waste : wood, concrete, cement. ,

Industrial waste : Packaging meterial, organic waste, acid, alkali and metals. • Solid waste:

Industrial waste : Packaging meterial, organic waste, acid, alkali and metals. • Solid waste: Rubber, plastic, paper, glass, wood, oils, paints, dyes, heavy metals, asbestos. Effects of solid waste : • Physicochemical and chemical characteristics affecting productivity of soils. • Toxic substance contaminate the ground water. • Burning of materials produce dioxins, furans causes cancer.

TYPES INVOLVED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: 1. REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE: a. Reduce the usage of

TYPES INVOLVED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: 1. REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE: a. Reduce the usage of raw materials: If usage is reduced, generation of waste also reduced. b. Reuse of waste materials: 1. Refillable containers can be reused 2. Discarded cycle tubes can be made into rubber rings.

c. Recycling of materials: 1. Old Al cans and bottles are melted and recast

c. Recycling of materials: 1. Old Al cans and bottles are melted and recast into new cans and bottles. 2. Preparation of cellulose insulation from paper 3. Preparation fuel pellets from kitchen waste. Methods of disposal of solid waste: a. Landfill : The bottom is covered with several layers of clay, plastic & sand –protects ground water contamination.

 • Landfill is covered with clay, sand & gravel. • Methane gas is

• Landfill is covered with clay, sand & gravel. • Methane gas is collected and used to produce electricity. b. Composting: The biodegradable waste is allowed to decomposed into oxygen rich medium and quality rich environment is formed which improves soil fertility rate. c. Incineration : Burning of waste at high temp(700 o. C -1000 o. C) in combustion chamber and used to produce electricity and incinerate 100 -150 tonnes per hour.

Role of individual in prevention of pollution Individuals can, however, play an important role

Role of individual in prevention of pollution Individuals can, however, play an important role in abatement of air, water, soil or noise pollution in the following simple manners: Use low-phosphate, phosphate-free or biodegradable dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, and shampoo. Use manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizers to fertilize gardens and yard plant.

Use biological methods or integrated pest management to control garden, yard, and household pests.

Use biological methods or integrated pest management to control garden, yard, and household pests. • Don't pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oils, or other products containing harmful chemicals down drain or on the ground. • Recycle old motor oil and antifreeze at an auto service center that has an oil recycling program. •

Test water for lead, nitrates, trihalomethanes, radon, volatile, organic compounds and pesticides. Support ecological

Test water for lead, nitrates, trihalomethanes, radon, volatile, organic compounds and pesticides. Support ecological land-use planning in your community. Get to know your local water bodies and form watchdog groups to help monitor and protect.

Flood

Flood

Flood Definition: Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the

Flood Definition: Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its bank, the excess of water over flows on the surroundings causes floods. Types: 1. Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall 2. Rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a river's channel.

3. Fast kinds: sudden release of water from dam, landslide, or glacier. Effects 1.

3. Fast kinds: sudden release of water from dam, landslide, or glacier. Effects 1. Primary effects Physical damage – Can damage any type of structure, including bridges, cars, buildings, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals.

2. Secondary effects • Water supplies – Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes

2. Secondary effects • Water supplies – Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes scarce. • Diseases – Unhygienic conditions. Spread of waterborne diseases. • Crops and food supplies – Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entire harvest. • Trees – Non-tolerant species can die from suffocation. • Transport - Transport links destroyed.

Methods of control: Flood management: 1. Diverting excess water through channel or canals like

Methods of control: Flood management: 1. Diverting excess water through channel or canals like river , lake. 2. Satelite pictures of preflood, flood and post flood with other information. 3. River networking. 4. Optical and microwave data. 5. Flood warning given by central water comission.

Cyclone

Cyclone

Definition: A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the

Definition: A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. • Most large-scale cyclonic circulations are centered on areas of low atmospheric pressure. • Cyclones are powerful destructive and active from days to weak and speed varies 180 -500 km/hr. • A broad area of low pressure rotating "counterclockwise" (cyclonically) is also a cyclone.

Occurrence: 1. Tropical cyclone in the warm oceans are formed, because of heat and

Occurrence: 1. Tropical cyclone in the warm oceans are formed, because of heat and moisture. 2. Sea surface temperature must below 25 Oc. 3. It move like spinning top at the speed of 10 -30 km/hr. 4. Indian cyclone occurs during octo-dec or April – may.

Effects: • Tropical cyclones are responsible for large amounts of damage to human life,

Effects: • Tropical cyclones are responsible for large amounts of damage to human life, crop, roads, transport, tanks wherever they strike. • Slow down the developmental activities of the sea. Control: Damage can be reduced but not completely prevented by doing the following: • Boarding up homes and businesses, strategically placing sand bags, and building more wind resistant structures.

Cyclone management: • Satellite images are used by meteorological department. • Radar system is

Cyclone management: • Satellite images are used by meteorological department. • Radar system is used to detect the cyclone and for cyclone warning. • For observing exact location of cyclone , every half an hour satellite picture analyzed. • Its difficult to stop the formation of cyclone, but the effect minimized by planting more trees.

Earthquake

Earthquake

 • An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earth’s surface due

• An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earth’s surface due to the sudden release of tremendous amount of energy stored in the rocks under the earth’s crust.

Causes • Volcanic eruptions, rockfalls, landslides, and explosions , hydrostatic pressure of manmade water

Causes • Volcanic eruptions, rockfalls, landslides, and explosions , hydrostatic pressure of manmade water bodies. • Under ground nuclear testing. • Decrease under ground water level. • Its measures by Richter scale. less than 4 – insignificant, 4 -4. 9 – minor, 5 -5. 9 damaging, 6 -6. 9 – destructive, 7 -7. 9 – major, more than 8 – severe damage.

Effects • Earthquakes produce deformation of ground space. • This includes damage to buildings

Effects • Earthquakes produce deformation of ground space. • This includes damage to buildings and in worst cases the loss of human life. • The effects of the rumbling produced by earthquakes usually leads to the destruction of structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams. • They can also trigger landslides.

Control: • To prevent an earthquake hazard the building should be properly designed. •

Control: • To prevent an earthquake hazard the building should be properly designed. • Do not construct houses on high risk prone areas. • In case of an earthquake move out of the building and came in the open but not panic. • Do not use lifts in case of an earthquake.

Tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large

Tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean.

Causes : • Earth quake , landslide • Deformation of the sea floor due

Causes : • Earth quake , landslide • Deformation of the sea floor due to the movement of plates. • Ordinary wave – 100, tsunami – 500 km. • It travels across the deep sea at very high velocity of at around 800 -900 km/hr. • Velocity decreases , the height and energy of wave increases. • Its height near the sea shore ranges from 1565 m

Effects: The effects of the tsunami on the country during this period range from

Effects: The effects of the tsunami on the country during this period range from destruction damage, death, injury, millions of dollars in financial loss, and long lasting psychological problems for the inhabitants of the region. Tsunami management : • Under the water are monitored by sensors. • If any p changes, sensor send information. • The information passed through earth stations. • Warning system are warned of the danger approaching. • Make the people alert through the media to take all precautions.

Land slides are the process of large differential movement of two land portion. OR

Land slides are the process of large differential movement of two land portion. OR A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement.

Causes: • Down hill movement of earth cauesd by rain, forces either increaing top

Causes: • Down hill movement of earth cauesd by rain, forces either increaing top materials. • Movement of heavy vehicles. • Earthquake , shocks, vibrations, cyclone creates landslides. • Erosion in the hilly tract due to runoff water. • Undergroung caves, underground mining operation.

Effects • Property damage, • injury • death • adversely affect a variety of

Effects • Property damage, • injury • death • adversely affect a variety of water supplies, • fisheries, • sewage disposal systems, • forests, dams, and roadways

Control • Soil Conservation: Ways to reduce soil erosion: Terracing reduces soil erosion on

Control • Soil Conservation: Ways to reduce soil erosion: Terracing reduces soil erosion on steep slopes by concerting the land into a series of broad, level terraces. This retains water for crops at each level and reduces soil erosion by water run off. Contour Farming: This method is adopted for gently sloped land. This involves planting crops in rows across the contour of gently sloped land.

Agro forestry: In this method crops are planted together in strips or alleys between

Agro forestry: In this method crops are planted together in strips or alleys between trees and shrubs that can provide fruits and fuel wood. The trees and shrubs provide shade which reduce water loss by evaporation and preserve soil moisture. Wind Breaks : Wind breaks and shelter belts or trees are established to reduce wind erosion and also for retaining soil moisture • Unloading the upper parts of the slope. • Concrete support. • Draining the surface and subsurface water from sloppy region. • Soil stabilization by using quick lime in weak areas.