Environmental Noise Mapping methods and cartographic visualizations Petr

Environmental Noise Mapping methods and cartographic visualizations Petr Duda

Sound Audible wavelength - 16 to 16 000 Hz l Intensity (energy) sound waves (sound pressure) l Size of fluctuations in air pressure (d. B) l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 2

Noise l From the medical point of view: noise is a sound that has negative effects l the proper functionality of the auditory organ (specific effects) l through the auditory organ to the human (nonspecific effects). München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 3

Specfic effects of noise München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 4

Noise effects on human l 45 d. B - sleep disturbance l 50 d. B - disturbance of mental wellbeing, mental work l 60 d. B - loud talk l 70 d. B - hearing loss in long-term exposure l Above 125 d. B - painful feeling l Above 130 d. B - hearing loss München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 5

Noise effects on human l CNS, cardiovascular system l l l Stressor l l l Increasing heart rate Increasing blood pressure Reduction of blood flow to peripheral organs Increasing muscle tension, Increasing motility of the digestive tract Development of fatigue Increased levels of adrenaline Development of psychosomatic disorders Obstructing the process of learning and memory usage Obstructing the communication Disorders of emotional stability Loss of magnesium München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 6

Env. noise sources Est. 40% in the work environment l Other l l Indoor l l l Elevators, ventilation, noise created by neighbors. . . imissions: Maximum sound pressure level A LAmax, p (d. B) for protected areas Outdoor l l Industrial installations Transportation - roads, railways, airports, construction sites music production. . . imissions: Equivalent sound pressure level A LAeq, T (d. B) München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 7

Average Noise (LAeq) l Equivalent Continuous Level A Contains the same sound energy as the time varying sound. l Type of average, where noisy events have a significant influence. l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 8

Ukázka nějaké mapy 5. března 2010 Hlukové mapy 9

Limits of noise measurement l Weather Conditions Rain, frost, fog – reducing sensitivity of measuring device l Wind, temperature, humidity - affect the speed and direction of sound propagation l l Measurement errors Wrong sensor orientation l Sound reflections from obstacles l Noise from other than monitored source l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 10

Limits of noise measurement l Expensiveness l l Spatial inaccuracy l l Human presence during the whole measurement necessary Device certification Accredited workers Impossibility to have a sensor every 20 m Time inaccuracy l Measuring only isolated periods during the day and year München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 11

Calculated noise maps Used for predictions l Modeling – many special software: l Cadna, ENM, fluidyn, Noise Plus, IMMI, LIMA, Mithra, Noisemap, Predictor, Sound. PLAN. . . l GIp. Synoise - Arc. GIS extension (freeware) l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Input data: Map data, traffic data, road constructions. . . Creation and transformation of input data Creating a 3 D model and calculation of acoustic conditions in an acoustic application Transformation of the calculated data into GIS Creation of noise layer in GIS Mapping Environmental Noise 12

Descriptors calculation (road traffic) l Basic road transport data Traffic intensity l Structure of traffic flow l l Conversion coefficients Time l Category and class of road l Status of the road l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 13

Procedure for calculating L Division of road according to calculation parameters l Determining of factors expressing l l speed of traffic flow, the representation of cars and trucks influence of longitudinal tilt of the road’s grade line influence of road surface (asphalt, concrete, pavement) For the relevant section is found perpendicular distance of the calculated point from the axis of communication l The influence of the nature of the terrain (reflective, absorptive) 14 München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise l

Calculated values correction l Width of road l Length of road section l Noise reduction due to the low buildings l Obstacles, terrain configuration l Adjacent buildings l Disruptions of traffic flow l Greenery effect l Meteorological situation München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 15

Calculaton completing LAeq……equivalent sound pressure level A energetically summed section by section LAeq, j…. . . equivalent sound pressure level A induced on the j-th road section n……. . . number of sections The calculation is not able to replace the measurement completely München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 16

Effect of calculation points concentration München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 17

Design of noise maps Points: l Before the facades of buildings l In situ measurements Lines: l Emission noise map - color-coded lines representing communication by the level of traffic noise l Contours - lines connecting points with the same noise level Areas: l Display area affected by noise - particularly for regional planning documentation München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 18

Adjustments for visualization Visualization method (areal) Data model of thematic data Raster × vector × combination? Data classification? Editing and generalization (of raster) (resampling, majority filter, "buffer-in buffer-out") Manual edits (of raster) Vectors interpolation, generalization and smoothing München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 19

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Bodová Praha München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 22

Hluková mapa Prahy 1996 5. března 2010 Hlukové mapy Zdroj: envis. praha-mesto. cz 23

Hlukové mapy 24

Hluková mapa železnic 5. března 2010 Hlukové mapy 25 Zdroj: www. zuova. cz

Blokdiagram 5. března 2010 Hlukové mapy 26

Srovnání denní a noční mapy München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 27

Vertical distribution of noise l Visualization of the distribution of noise in the vertical plane, 1 m from the façade München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 28

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Conclusions Distribution of suitable methods for: l Maps for citizens l l l Clarity and presentation Improper to use of linear methods, suitable for road networks in medium and small scales Contour is appropriate to use at lower numbers (3 -4). It is recommended to use areal methods Maps for experts l l Accuracy and clarity, more difficult methods for spatial imagination must be adapted to habits of the environment, for which the map is prepared München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 31

Combining calculations and measurements l Application for accurate, detailed and longterm monitoring of the environmental noise spatial distribution l Automation of measurement l l Distracton detection (non GIS problem) Automation of the collection, transmission, storage and publication of noise information Sensor networking l OGC Sensor Web Enablement l WMS / WFS / WNS /. . . l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 32

Combining calculations and measurements l Densification of measured maps by calculations Determining of noise emission levels of sources from measurements l Dynamization of computation and visualization l l l Calculations in a fully 3 D space l l application of spatial patterns according to the precalculated values Finding the appropriate level of representation and generalization of objects Find appropriate presentation methods München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 33

Literature and sources l l l l l BABISCH W. : Road traffic noise and cardiovascular risk. Noise & Health, < 2008, roč. 10, č. 38, s. 27 -33 Burden of disease from environmental noise: Quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2011 COHRSSEN, J. J. , COVELLO, V. T. : Risk Analysis a Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks, Unites States Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President , 1989 Germany: Technical Instructions on Noise Abatement – TA Lärm Guidelines for community noise. WHO, 1999, accesible from http: //whqlibdoc. who. int/hq/1999/a 68672. pdf KANG, Jian. Urban Sound Environment. 1 st edition. London : Taylor & Francis, 2007. 278 s. ISBN 0– 415– 35857– 4. Sound measurement Bruel & Kjaer. A guide to the sound level meter MIEDEMA, H. , OUDSHOORN, C. : Annoyance from Transportation Noise: Relationships with Exposure Metrics DNL and DENL and Their Confidence Intervals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001, roč. 109, č. 4, s. 409 – 416. Night Noise Guidelines (NNGL) for Europe. WHO, 2007. Position paper on dose response relationships between transportation noise and annoyance. European Commission 2002. München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 34

Šlus Thank you for your attention 5. března 2010 Hlukové mapy 35

Measuring noise l Size l Range of acoustic variables can be very large (Ie. radiated acoustic power can reach values of 10 -9 W up to 106 W) l => l l of fluctuations in air pressure (Pa) Sound Pressure Level Lp (d. B) p = effective value of observed sound pressure (Pa) p 0 = reference sound pressure (eg for air 2*10 -5 Pa). München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 36

Noise weighting filters l Different sensitivity of human hearing at different frequencies => Corrections (weighting filters) during measurements l Weighting filter A: Lpi = sound pressure level in the relevant frequency band [d. B] l KAi = correction in center frequency of the frequency band, l n = number of bands l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 37

Noise map types l l l By noise source (land transport, air. . . ) By noise type (steady, variable, impulse. . . ) According to the method for collecting data (measured, calculated) By time (day, night, day and evening. . . ) By function and user (information, education, decision-making, construction projects and EIA) According to the scale (detailed, large-, medium-, small-scale) München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 38

Noise in Europe l l l Up to 40% of the European population is exposed to such noise levels, which can cause damage to health 100 million EU citizens are affected by excessive noise exceeding 65 decibels Damage caused by the noise in the EU is estimated at 13 - 28 billion euro About 200, 000 residents living in the streets of Berlin, where noise limits are exceeded Due to traffic noise in Denmark 800 -2200 persons hospitalized annually and leads to 200 -500 spontaneous abortions In Europe, the long-term impact of traffic noise caused three percent of all deaths from heart failure München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 39

Directive 2002/49/EC l Strategic l Urban agglomerations l l noise maps Over 100, 000 permanent residents for surroundins of major roads, railways and airports (according to traffic intensity) l 30 th June 2012 l Then every 5 years l Transpositions to national legislative München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 40

Noise descriptors l Germany: Technical Instructions on Noise Abatement – TA Lärm l Czech Rep. : Government Regulation No. 148/2006. Equivalent sound pressure level A LAeq, T (d. B) - from outside l Maximum sound pressure level A LAmax, p (d. B) - interiors l München, Nov. 23, 2012 Mapping Environmental Noise 41

Noise limits For All day annoyance sleep (Lden) disturbance (Ln) Road trans. Rail transport Air transport Integrated facility 5. března 2010 70 d. B 60 d. B 65 d. B 50 d. B 40 d. B Hlukové mapy 42