Environmental Health XIV Standards and Monitoring ShuChi Chang

Outline n n n Introduction Monitoring physical stresses and toxic materials Measuring waterborne and

Introduction n Two basic objectives n n n Different types n n Estimate exposures

Monitoring physical stresses and toxic materials n n Different natures for monitoring these two

Measuring waterborne and airborne exposure n n n First step in assessing potential exposure

Assessing waterborne releases n Different samples n n n Grab samples Composite samples Timed-cycle

Assessing airborne releases n n Sampling at different locations Considerations n n n Techniques

Designing a monitoring program n Attributes n n n Objective Sampling and analysis Expenses

Example of monitoring program (1) n A nuclear facility Population distribution, occupancy, habits, food

Example of monitoring program (2) n A nuclear facility Select indicator materials Specify sampling

Background data n Baseline information n n Population, land water use, meteorology and hydrology

Sample collection and analysis n Different focuses n n Guidance on the sampling and

Temporal relationship n n Time between release and the occurrence of exposure The length

Quality assurance n QA program n n n n Acceptance testing or qualification of

Computer and screening models n n Toxic Release Inventory Models for evaluating the transport

Comprehensive exposure assessment n n Voids occurred Multiple-component program n n n Distribution of

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Environmental Health XIV. Standards and Monitoring Shu-Chi Chang, Ph. D. , P. E. , P. A. Assistant Professor 1 and Division Chief 2 1 Department of Environmental Engineering 2 Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health National Chung Hsing University Friday, June 22, 2007

Outline n n n Introduction Monitoring physical stresses and toxic materials Measuring waterborne and airborne exposure Designing a monitoring program Computer and screening models Comprehensive exposure assessment

Introduction n Two basic objectives n n n Different types n n Estimate exposures of people Determine compliance Source-related Person-related Environment-related Different scale monitoring programs involve different industrial and governmental personnel and agencies

Types and purposes (1)

Types and purposes (2)

Monitoring physical stresses and toxic materials n n Different natures for monitoring these two different exposures Environmental pathways n n Stressor measurement n n Sampling and analyzing contaminants in different biota and media Real-time Interference Position and location specific Airborne n n Particle and gaseous Synergistic

Measuring waterborne and airborne exposure n n n First step in assessing potential exposure Source and environmental media Sampling during all phased of plant operation

Assessing waterborne releases n Different samples n n n Grab samples Composite samples Timed-cycle samples Flow-proportional samples Indicator samples Considerations n n Expenses Representativeness Quality assurance Quantity

Assessing airborne releases n n Sampling at different locations Considerations n n n Techniques Sampler choices Quantity Representativeness Exposure measurement n Personal sampler

Advantages and disadventages

Designing a monitoring program n Attributes n n n Objective Sampling and analysis Expenses Simple and verifiable Sensitive to changes

Example of monitoring program (1) n A nuclear facility Population distribution, occupancy, habits, food consumption Meteorological data, discharges to atmosphere Land water use, food production Estimate doses to critical groups and populations Determine Important radionuclides And pathways Direct radiation Hydrological data, liquid discharges

Example of monitoring program (2) n A nuclear facility Select indicator materials Specify sampling media, locations, and frequencies Select methods for analysis Quality assurance requirements Monitoring Program Review and revise

Background data n Baseline information n n Population, land water use, meteorology and hydrology Sampling considerations n n Installation, release, physical and chemical forms, other sources, nature of receiving environments Natural features, artificial features, land use, and sources of local water supplies Sampling prior to operation can help data interpretation Critical group and total population

Pathways (1)

Pathways (2)

Sample collection and analysis n Different focuses n n Guidance on the sampling and analysis of environmental samples Special consideration n n n In-plant: complex mixture In the field: extremely low concentration Preferential deposition Historical releases Specific concerns Source identification Indicator measurement and more specific and sensitive measurement Monitoring network

Temporal relationship n n Time between release and the occurrence of exposure The length of the time for the exposure to happen n n Direct external exposure Inhalation Lungs Thyroids Stomach and GI tract

Example – temporal relationship

Quality assurance n QA program n n n n Acceptance testing or qualification of lab and field sampling and analytic devices Routine calibration of all associated instrumentation A lab cross-check program Replicate sampling on a systematic basis Procedural audits Documentation of lab and field procedures and QA records Sampling validity and sample preservation

Computer and screening models n n Toxic Release Inventory Models for evaluating the transport of environmental contaminants Models became sophisticated and hard to use Screening tools

Comprehensive exposure assessment n n Voids occurred Multiple-component program n n n Distribution of questionnaires Collection of soil, house dust, indoor air, tap water, and diet samples Analysis of these samples for some 30 compounds Collection of samples of blood, urine, and hair as biological indicators of human uptake of individual contaminants EMAP

Ecological versus human health