Environmental Decisions Efficiency of common heat engines U

Environmental Decisions

Efficiency of common heat engines

U. S. Emits Nearly Half World's Automotive Carbon Dioxide WASHINGTON, DC, June 28, 2006 (ENS) - The United States has five percent of the world's population and 30 percent of the world's automobiles, but the country contributes 45 percent of the world's automotive emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, according to a report released today by the advocacy group Environmental Defense.

Kilogram-force Weight is usually expressed in kilogram-force or pound- force. 1 kg-force = force of gravity on 1 kg of mass. 1 lb-force = force of gravity on 1 lb of mass. These are not SI units but they have the advantage that the magnitude of the weight is identical to the magnitude of the mass. 1 kg-force = 9. 8 Newtons When you say I weight 200 lbs you are indirectly saying: I have a mass of 200 lbs and the force of gravity on me is 890 N. In the next examples all weights are expressed either in in lb-force or in kg-force and in order to calculate rolling resistance they will need to be converted to Newtons

Force to move a car at a certain speed

Energy in Gasoline 1 Gal Gasoline = 132, 000 J

One passenger 60 mph

Toyota Prius http: //privatenrg. com/ Temperature: 87º F Elevation: 400’ feet above sea level Humidity: 67% Barometer: 30. 03 in/hg Load: 350 lbs (driver & gear) Auto AC: OFF Climate Control: 72º F Wind: NONE Wind Dir: 235º (tail wind/crosswind – slightly detrimental) Fuel: 114, 500 BTU (avg Summer Blend) -- see: http: //www. epa. gov/otaq/rfgecon. htm k. Wh: 33. 5568 k. Wh (energy available per gallon/US) RRR: . 001144 Road Rolling Resistance (smooth asphalt roads) TRR: . 007 Tire Rolling Resistance Cd: . 26 Aerodynamic Coefficient of Drag FA: 2. 16 m^2 Frontal Area in meters squared cw. Cd: 1. 4 e-5 (crosswind correction for Cd) cw. FA: 8. 5 e-5 (crosswind correction for FA)

Toyota Prius http: //auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car 6. htm The Prius mainly relies on two features to optimize efficiency and reduce emissions: Its engine only runs at an efficient speed and load - In order to reduce emissions, the Prius can accelerate to a speed of about 15 mph (24 kph) before switching on the gasoline engine. The engine only starts once the vehicle has passed a certain speed. And once the engine starts, it operates in a narrow speed band. It uses a unique power split device - Gasoline engines can be tuned to run most efficiently in certain speed and load ranges. The power split device on the Prius, allows the engine to stay in its most efficient load and speed range most of the time.

Toyota Prius http: //auto. howstuffworks. com/hybrid-car 6. htm The Power Split Device A gearbox that hooks the gasoline engine, generator and electric motor together. It allows the car to operate like a parallel hybrid -- the electric motor can power the car by itself, the gas engine can power the car by itself or they can power the car together. The power split device also allows the car to operate like a series hybrid -- the gasoline engine can operate independently of the vehicle speed, charging the batteries or providing power to the wheels as needed. It also acts as a continuously variable transmission (CVT), eliminating the need for a manual or automatic transmission. Finally, because the power split device allows the generator to start the engine, the car does not need a starter.

Toyota Prius https: //gr 8 autotech. wordpress. com/2013/05/31/working-of-apower-splitter/ Condition 1 - Vehicle is Stationary and engine is on idle Condition 2 - Vehicle is Moving forward: Condition 3: Acceleration Above 60 kmph

How MPG is calculated? http: //www. caranddriver. com/features/09 q 3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature The first test cycle, which sought to mimic rush- hour traffic in downtown Los Angeles with an average speed of 21 mph, is called the FTP, or city cycle. This test is 11 miles long, takes just over 31 minutes to complete, involves 23 stops, reaches a top speed of 56 mph, and has maximum acceleration equivalent to a lazy, 18 -second 0 -to 60 -mph run.

How MPG is calculated? http: //www. caranddriver. com/features/09 q 3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature A second cycle to measure highway driving was added in the late 1970 s as part of the introduction of corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) regulations. This 10. 3 -mile cycle with an average speed of a paltry 48 mph and acceleration no more severe than in the city test, may have been somewhat realistic in the days of the national 55 -mph speed limit but doesn’t come close to approximating the highway behavior of today’s drivers.

How MPG is calculated? http: //www. caranddriver. com/features/09 q 3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature As a result, and even though the test figures were adjusted downward starting in the early 1980 s in an attempt to produce more realisticker values (by 10 percent for the city test and 22 percent for the highway), the EPA numbers gave drivers too optimistic an expectation of fuel economy for decades.

Aptera Insight Prius

Escape Hummer H 2

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Hard to improve old technologies 1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. [3] 1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine

Hard to improve old technologies 1838: a patent was granted to William Barnet (English). This was the first recorded suggestion of in-cylinder compression. 1854 -57: Eugenio Barsanti & Felice Matteucci invented an engine that was rumored to be the first 4 -cycle engine, but the patent was lost. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine It does not mean “do not use old technologies”, it means use the best ones

Cell Phone Evolution

Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951 1898, System Lohner-Porsche Volkswagen Beetle. From 1938 until 2003.

What to do? Innovate Follow good examples

New Technologies

Brooklyn Microgrid (BMG) https: //www. brooklyn. energy/ BMG seeks to harness the buying power of Brooklyn residents by having them participate in a simulated energy marketplace. The simulated BMG marketplace will demonstrate people's willingness to pay for locally generated, renewable energy.

EDF (Electricite de France) http: //energy. edf. com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-power-generation-122160. html EDF, one of the European leaders in the energy field, operates the largest electricity generation capacity, 95% of which does not emit any greenhouse gases. The competitiveness of EDF’s generation facilities is based on diversity, performance and safety of its means of generation.

http: //www. worldnuclear. org/info/inf 40. html France derives over 75% of its electricity from nuclear energy. This is due to a long-standing policy based on energy security. France is the world's largest net exporter of electricity Due to its very low cost of generation, and gains over EUR 3 billion per year from this.

http: //energy. edf. com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-powergeneration-122160. htm EDF, the world’s leading nuclear power utility, operates a French nuclear fleet consisting of 58 reactors spread over 19 different sites l

http: //energy. edf. com/edf-fr-accueil/edf-and-powergeneration-122160. html Due to be commissioned in 2012, the EPR plant will constitute the first version of a new generation of reactors. Preparing for the replacement of EDF’s nuclear power plants, as the oldest ones could be decommissioned in around 2020.

http: //energy. edf. com/edf-fr-accueil/edfand-power-generation-122160. html Since 1996, the EDF Group has operated the first and only geothermal power plant in the world to generate electricity on a commercial basis. The power plant is located at Bouillante in Guadeloupe.

• The ITER fusion reactor has been designed to produce 500 megawatts of output power while needing 50 megawatts to operate. • Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle of producing more energy from the fusion process than is used to initiate it, something that has not yet been achieved in any fusion reactor. • Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in 2013 and the building costs are now US$16 billion, some 3 times the original figure. • The facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2019 and will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2020 with full deuterium-tritium fusion experiments starting in 2027

Lockheed Martin Group said it to plans test a compact fusion reactor in less than a year It then hopes to build a prototype of its device in around five years • Compact nuclear fusion would produce far less waste than coal-powered plants since it would use deuterium-tritium fuel, which can generate nearly 10 million times more energy than the same amount of fossil fuels, the company said. • Ultra-dense deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, is found in the Earth's oceans, and tritium is made from natural lithium deposits • It said future reactors could use a different fuel and eliminate radioactive waste completely. http: //www. dailymail. co. uk/sciencetech/article-2794131/Lockheed-says-makes-breakthrough-fusion-energy-project. html

Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) Fusion works by using two kinds of hydrogen atoms — deuterium and tritium — and injecting that gas into a containment vessel. Scientist then add energy that removes the electrons from their host atoms, forming what is described as an ion plasma. Lockheed has found a way to constrain the plasma, using what is called a compact fusion reactor (CFR) with a specifically shaped magnetic field inside.

In 1964, Kardashev defined three levels of civilizations Type I: "Technological level close to the level presently attained on earth, with energy consumption at ≈4× 1019 erg/sec[1] (4 × 1012 watts. ) Type II: "A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own star (for example, the stage of successful construction of a Dyson sphere), with energy consumption at ≈4× 1033 erg/sec Type III: "A civilization in possession of energy on the scale of its own galaxy, with energy consumption at ≈4× 1044 erg/sec. The erg is the standard unit of energy in the centimeter-gram-second

Michio Kaku Type 0 civilization Extracts its energy, information, raw-materials from crude organic-based sources (i. e. food/wood/fossil fuel/books/oral tradition); Pressures via natural disaster, selection, and societal collapse creates extreme (99. 9%) risk of extinction; it's capable of orbital spaceflight.

Being Green can be Cool

Being Green can be Cool Renault Zoe, TWIZY, and SM 3 Z. E. https: //group. renault. com/en/company-vehicles/discover/renault-electric-vehicles/

Being Green can be Cool Tesla Model 3 https: //cleantechnica. com/2016/04/19/how-the-ev-tax-credit-works-tesla-model-3/

Being Green can be Cool The BMW i 3

Old Technology Improvements Elio Motors

Space Exploration Electromagnetic propulsion This test engine accelerates ions using electrostatic forces Rather than relying on high temperature and fluid dynamics to accelerate the reaction mass to high speeds, there a variety of methods that use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the reaction mass directly. Usually the reaction mass is a stream of ions. Such an engine typically uses electric power, first to ionize atoms, and then to create a voltage gradient to accelerate the ions to high exhaust velocities. https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion

https: //www. tesla. com/solar

Humanity, Nature, and Technology: The Hannover Principles The City of Hannover, Germany, was designated as the site of the world exposition in the year 2000. The city decided to directly address the difficult issue of imagining and encouraging a sustainable future.

THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES 1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, 2. 3. 4. 5. supportive, diverse and sustainable condition. Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant effects. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material consciousness. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to coexist. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of products, processes or standards.

THE HANNOVER PRINCIPLES 6. 7. 8. 9. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full lifecycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems. in which there is no waste. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporate this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor, not as an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.

One passenger 60 mph

Changing Car weight

Changing Speed

Carpooling