Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists D A

Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists D. A. Vaccari, P. F. Strom, and J. E. Alleman © John Wiley & Sons, 2005 Chapter 9 – The Human Animal

Figure 9 -1. The layers of the skin. [Schaum’s Human Anatomy & Physiology]

Figure 9 -2. A typical motor neuron. [Shaum's Biology]

Events of an action potential. [based on Martini] Resting state Sodium channel + + + Cell + membrane + Na+ + + K+ + Na-K Pump + ++ Potassium channel Step 1 - Depolarize to threshold + + ++ + +30 0 -60 -70 -90 + + + Step 2 - Sodium channels open - rapid depolarization +30 + + 0 + Local current + + + -60 -70 + + + + -90 + + + Step 3 - Sodium channels close, potassium channels open +30 + + + + -60 -70 -90 + + Step 4 - Normal permeability and potential restored +30 + + + 0 + -60 + + + -70 + Local current -90 ++ propagated

Figure 9 -3. A mammalian synapse. [Based on Schaum's Biology] Nerve impulse Axon Mitochondrion Synaptic knob Neurotransmitter molecules Postsynaptic Dendrite Synaptic vesicles Synaptic cleft

Information Processing Figure 9 -4. The organization of the nervous system. [Based on Martini] Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Somatic Nervous System Special Sensory Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Somatic Sensory Receptors Visceral Sensory Receptors Smooth muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Receptors Effectors

Figure 9 -5. Some of the most important endocrine glands. [From Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]

Figure 9 -6. Control of blood pressure and volume. [Based on Martini] Angiotensinogen from the liver Reduced kidney blood flow Low blood pressure and volume Renin release Reduced O 2 to the kidneys HOMEOSTASIS Normal blood presure and volume Erythropoietin released Enzyme in Lungs Red blood cell production Vasoconstriction Restored blood pressure and volume Fluid retention Angiotensin I Sodium retention Angiotensin II Aldosterone secretion ADH secretion Fluid absorption Thirst stimulation

Figure 9 -7. The formed elements of the blood. [Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology]

Figure 9 -8. Hemoglobin and the heme subunit. [Schaum's Anatomy and Physiology and Schaum's Biology]

Figure 9 -9. A schematic structure of an immunoglobulin protein. [Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology] Binding sites Heavy chain Light chain

Figure 9 -10. The trachea, bronchi, and lungs. [Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]

Figure 9 -11. Respiratory air volumes. [Based on Schaum's Anatomy & Physiology]

The digestive system. [Schaum's Biology]

Figure 9 -12. Hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach. [Based on Martini] PARIETAL CELL Interstitial Fluid CO 2 + H 2 O Carbonic Anhydrase Lumen of Gastric Gland H 2 CO 3 Cl- HCO 3 - + H+ Cl- Alkaline Tide to bloodstream Diffusion Active transport Carrier-mediated Transport Countertransport

The lining of the small intestine. [Schaum's Biology]

Figure 9 -13. The human kidney with details of the nephron. [From Schaum’s Biology]

Glomerulus Proximal tubule Collecting duct 100% 300 Distal tubule Figure 9 -14. 300 The countercurrent multiplier effect in the nephron. Percentages refer to fraction of glomerular flow remaining. The other numbers inside the nephron are the milliosmolarity. [Based on Smith Mammalian Biochem ] 200 35% 300 15% Cortex 100 20% 400 200 400 Thick ascending limb Outer Medulla 400 600 Loop of Henle Thin descending limb 800 600 800 1000 1200 Thin ascending limb 1000 1200 15% 0. 5% Inner Medulla Water Active transport of salts Urea ADH-controlled water permeability

Figure 9 -15. The menstrual and ovarian cycle. [Schaum's Human Anatomy and Physiology]