ENVIRONMENTA L SHIP CONSTRUCTION TOPIC 1 Introduction to

ENVIRONMENTA L SHIP CONSTRUCTION

TOPIC 1 Introduction to environmental shipbuilding

MARITIME AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT The maritime environment and the marine environment are both about the sea. The "maritime environment" is about ships and boats and other man-made things such as oil drilling platforms. The marine environment refers to the bigger picture of all the living things that live in or on the sea, eg seabirds, marine mammals, fish, snails, shellfish, sponges and seaweed.

Basic design of the ship in the context of environmental approach

Wood was the main material used in the construction of ships. Now, ships are made of a blend of iron, steel and wood, with wood making a very less percentages of the entire ship. Other than that, fiberglass also one of the material that involved in the ship construction. The most common wood types used in a wooden ship include both hardwoods and softwood.

Today, however, the choice of materials for ship construction is quite different from the past. The main materials used today include iron and steel and other alloys with wood making only a little part of the entire ship construction material. Iron and steel for their better strength and longer duration properties make a much more suited material. But some parts of the ship like the keel, plank and frame are still dependent on wood.

SHIP

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Part and Function of the Ship 1. Smokestack / funnel : used to expel boiler steam and smoke or engine exhaust. Purpose of a ship's funnel is to lift the exhaust gases clear of the deck and to avoid impairing the ability of the crew to carry out their duties. 2 & 12. Stern : The stern is the rear or aft-most part of a ship or boat. to provide clear views of the sea The aft, or back, light usually glows white.

3. Propeller and rudder : Propeller is a rotating fan like structure which is used to propel the ship by using the power generated and transmitted by the main engine of the ship. The thrust form the propeller is transmitted to move the ship through a transmission systems which consists of a rotational motion generated by the main engine cranckshaft, intermediate shaft and its bearings, stern tube shaft and its bearing and finally by the propeller itself.

- A rudder is a device used to steer a ship. - Rudders may be either outboard or inboard. Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom. Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg. 4. - Portside : Refer to the left sides, respectively, of a ship as perceived by a person on board facing the bow(front). At night, the port side of a vessel is indicated with a red navigation light.

5. - 6. - - Anchor : used to connect a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. Bulbous bow : A protruding bulb at the bow (or front) of a ship just below the waterline. The bulb modifies the way the water flows around the hull. The basic principal is to create a low pressure zone to eliminate the bow wave and reduce drag, thus increasing speed and fuel efficiency.

7 & 10. Bow : - The forward part of the hull of a ship or boat. - The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. 8. Deck : - A permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship. - On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface.

9. - 11. - Superstructure: An upward extension of an existing structure above the main deck. any mast, sails, any armaments are not included in this category. Hatches: hatch covers to prevent the contact of cargo with outer atmosphere i. e. air, moisture, weather and water and to avoid cargo from getting wet.

13. - 14. - Ballast tank : to provide adequate stability to vessels at sea. Allows vessels to carry a light or heavy load while maintaining ideal buoyancy. Cargo hold : Space in ship for storing cargo Holds in older ships were below the orlop deck. Cargo in holds may be either packaged in crates, bales, etc. , or unpackaged

SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

The environment must be considered in every aspect of the design and operation of all shipping, from construction all the way through to decommissioning. The IMO is systematically introducing regulations on a number of topics to reduce the impact of the marine industry on both the sea and atmosphere example: 1. 2. 3. exhaust emissions anti-fouling ballast water amongst others.

1. Lower Fuel Consumption

Fuel Consumption by Containership Size and Speed Source: adapted from Notteboom, T. and P. Carriou (2009) "Fuel surcharge practices of container shipping lines: Is it about cost recovery or revenue making? ". Proceedings of the 2009 International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Conference, June, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Normal (20 -25 knots; 37. 0 - 46. 3 km/hr) ü Represents the optimal cruising speed a containership and its engine have been designed to travel at. ü It also reflects the hydrodynamic limits of the hull to perform within acceptable fuel consumption levels. ü Most containerships are designed to travel at speeds around 24 knots. Slow steaming (18 -20 knots; 33. 3 - 37. 0 km/hr) ü Running ship engines below capacity to save fuel consumption, but at the expense a additional travel time, particularly over long distances (compounding effect). ü This is likely to become the dominant operational speed as more than 50% of the global container shipping capacity was operating under such conditions as of 2011.

Extra slow steaming (15 -18 knots; 27. 8 - 33. 3 km/hr). ü ü ü Also known as super slow steaming or economical speed. A substantial decline in speed for the purpose of achieving a minimal level of fuel consumption while still maintaining a commercial service. Can be applied on specific short distance routes. Minimal cost (12 -15 knots; 22. 2 - 27. 8 km/hr). ü ü The lowest speed technically possible, since lower speeds do not lead to any significant additional fuel economy. The level of service is however commercially unacceptable, so it is unlikely that maritime shipping companies would adopt such speeds.

Energy Combustion Stena Line - reduce the fuel consumption Stena Line Scandinavia has succeeded in reducing the fuel consumption by 2. 5 per cent every year, since 2005, when the company's environment programme ESP, Energy Saving Programme, started. “The design of propellers and hulls affects the consumption, as does the ship's speed. A doubling of the speed normally means increasing the fuel consumption”

Improvements 1. Ø Ø that save energy Eco-driving for captains Instrument panel - displays the night's fuel consumption and how it has been influenced by, among other things, currents, depth and the ship's speed. The graphs and figures help captain and his crew to drive fuel-efficiently and thus give rise to the minimum possible emissions. This is called eco-driving.

2. Ø Ø Cabin windows with sun film Stena Line has reduced the fuel needed by installing sun film on the windows in cabins and public spaces. The sun film is invisible - but it makes a big difference. It keeps out 82 % of the sun's radiant heat. At the most, there can be a temperature difference of six degrees between an untreated cabin and one with sun film windows. This is six important degrees that reduce the need to strain the ship's cooling system. The result is lower fuel consumption and less impact on the environment.

3. Ø Ø Ø Ø Electrical connection of ships in port Even when the ships are not in service, there is a need for an electricity supply onboard, including for lighting and technical equipment as well as fridges and freezers. Therefore, when the ships are lying at the quay, some auxiliary engines are running. By connecting the ships to the local electricity grid instead, Stena Line can stop the engines. This means that the emissions of carbon dioxide can be reduced to almost zero. Another advantage of switching off the auxiliary engines is that it is quieter in the harbour area. The ships are connected primarily during longer stops of more than two hours. Stena Line has a contract for green electricity for the land connections

Today, six of the ships in Scandinavia have land electricity: v Stena Carisma v Stena Jutlandica v Stena Danica v Stena Scandinavica v Stena Germanica v Stena Vision

4. Ø Ø Change to more efficient propellers There is a lot to be gained by designing the propellers based on the conditions for the route and the maximum speed. On one of the ships, the fuel consumption was lowered in this way by 16 per cent. Another way to reduce the fuel consumption is to keep the ship clean. At regular intervals, algae and other plants that have fastened to the propellers and hull are washed away. Less encrustation gives lower friction - which leads to reduced fuel consumption.

5. Ships with fuel efficient design sleek hull design that cuts easily through the water, more efficient combustion as well as a ventilation system that adjusts to the demand. Ø One of the ships also has a new type of surface treatment that prevents the growth of algae and acorn barnacles on the hull, whose hull is painted with traditional bottom paint that contains copper. Ø

2. Reducing air pollution (CO 2, NOx, SOx and particulates)

MARPOL Annex VI, first adopted in 1997, limits the main air pollutants: 1. exhaust gas, including sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrous oxides (NOx) 2. prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances 3. regulates shipboard incineration 4. emissions of volatile organic compounds from tankers.

Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships establishes certain sulphur oxide (SOx) Emission Control Areas with more stringent controls on sulphur emissions. Annex VI: Prevention of air pollution by ships (Emission Control Areas) Baltic Sea (SOx) 26 Sept 1997 19 May 2005 19 May 2006 North Sea (SOx) 22 Jul 2005 22 Nov 2006 22 Nov 2007 North American (SOx, and NOx and PM) 26 Mar 2010 1 Aug 2011 1 Aug 2012 United States Caribbean Sea ECA (SOx, NOx and PM) 26 Jul 2011 1 Jan 2013 1 Jan 2014

WHERE SOX CAME FROM? Crude oil is processed into distilled fuels such as petrol and diesel, and residues such as heavy fuel oil and bitumen. Ships traditionally use these heavy fuel oils for propulsion. Heavy fuel oils can have a sulphur content of up to 5 %; in comparison, the sulphur content of fuels used in trucks or passenger cars must not exceed 0. 001 %. Ships will be allowed to use equivalent technologies such as exhaust gas cleaning systems as an alternative to using low sulphur fuels.

Causes and Effects of SOx Emission The sulphur oxides emission is due to the presence of sulphur compound in the marine fuels used in marine engines on board vessel. Better the grade, lower will be the sulphur content as it is removed by refining of the fuel. The smoke containing sulphur oxides emitted by the combustion of marine fuel will further oxidise and in presence of catalyst like NO 2, will form sulphuric acid which is a major cause of acid rain. It has also been recognised that the emission of SOx contributes in formation of secondary inorganic aerosol gases, fine particles which are harmful to humans. Maritime industry consumes mostly low grade of fuel oil i. e. heavy oil and diesel oil with high sulphur content as compared to any other transportation medium. But due to MARPOL Annex VI stringent norms, marine engines are now using better grade of marine fuel like marine gas oil.

Limits for SOx Emission from a Merchant Vessel When the ship is out of emission controlled area The sulphur content of any oil used onboard ship must not exceed 4. 5% m/m. When the ship is within emission controlled area The sulphur content of any fuel oil used on board ships must not exceed 1. 0% m/m. An exhaust gas cleaning system or other technological methods to be used onboard to reduce total sulphur emission from ships including auxiliary and main propulsion engine to less then or equal to 6. 0 g SOx/kwh.

9 Technologies to make the Ultimate Green Ship The maritime industry is taking advantage of the latest technologies to ensure that new ships contribute as low as possible to the global pollution. Designing a Ship in present times has become a challenging task for now a ship has to be fully complied with new environmental rules and regulations.

Green Ship of the Future 1. No Ballast System: Ballast water convention by IMO focuses on reducing the transit of sediments and micro organisms of one territory to another through the ballast of ships. In order to prevent this condition, plans of making a “No Ballast Ships” is under progress.

2. Sulphur Scrubber System: It’s not practically possible to phase-out usage of conventional fuels in ships and hence reducing sulphur or Sox emission from the exhaust is a solution that would be used extensively in the future. This can be achieved by installing an exhaust gas scrubber system wherein the sulphur is washed out from the exhaust gas of the engine resulting in reduction of SOx up to 98 % along with other harmful particles.

3. Advanced Rudder and Propeller System: A well designed propeller and streamlined rudder system can reduce the fuel consumption up to 4 % resulting in less emission. Advanced designs of propeller and rudder systems have been developed to not only reduce the fuel consumption but also improve the speed of the vessel. 4. LNG Fuel for Propulsion: It is said that LNG fuel is the future of the Shipping industry. LNG fuel helps in reduction of air pollution from ships, and a combination of LNG fuel with diesel oil will lead to efficient engine performance, resulting in fuel saving.

5. LNG Fuel for Auxiliary engine: Auxiliary engines on ships are main sources of power. Moreover they are one of those machines that are continuous running onboard vessels. LNG fuel for such engines can drastically reduce air pollution from ships. 6. Speed Nozzle: Speed Nozzles are generally used in small supply vessels and tugs to provide power to the ships. Along with new design features of merchant vessels, they can improve the propulsion efficiency of the ship by saving power up to approx 5 %.

7. Hull Paint: Another important factor that can increase the fuel consumption of a ship and hence emissions is improving hull properties. Applying correct paint at correct hull area can reduce the frictional resistance of the ship resulting in 3 -8% of fuel savings. 8. Waste Heat Recovery System: This system is already in use for quite some time now, but making it more efficient can reduce the fuel consumption of the ship drastically up to 14% of the total consumption. The waste heat from the exhaust gases can be utilized to heat and generate steam which in turn can be used for heating cargo area, accommodation, fuel oil etc.

9. Sail and Kite Propulsion System: Sail and Kite propulsion system when used along with the conventional propulsion system can reduce the fuel as well as NOx, SOx and CO 2 emissions by 35%.

Development of ship types in the context of environmental approach

TIMELINE OF SHIPS Ships and boats are the oldest types of transport. The 1 st ships were built thousands of years ago. Ships and boats are used for travel, by the armed forces for our defense, for fishing, for transporting cargo between countries, and for leisure. Three quarters of all goods carried from the country to country must cross oceans and seas in ships and boats. This timeline shows some developments in the building of ships and boats.

Many thousands of years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together with creepers, was the 1 st kind water transport that a person could steer. The rafts are still been used today, to carry people and goods across the rivers and lakes. Later, people made the 1 st real boats by hollowing out logs.

A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another very early boat. A coating of tar kept the boat watertight. 4000 BC : Boat builder in ancient Egypt used reed to built what were probably the 1 st sailing boats. The Egyptian reed boats had a mast and sails and we used on the river Nile. 2500 BC : The Egyptian were building wooden boats that could sails across oceans.

1550 BC – 300 BC : The Phoenicians and ancient Greeks used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, to travel and trade and fighting with their neighbours. 1000 AD : Viking Longboats -These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen who rowed the ship. The longboats were long and narrow so were able to travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

1100 AD : Chinese Junks were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boats, battens on the sails to give them greater strength, and watertight compartments long before western ships had them. They were fighting and transport ships. -1450 onwards : Three and four masts sailing ships were in service for several centuries. These wooden ships were used as battleships, and by explorers and as trade vessels, carrying cargo from country to country. -1800 s, fast sailing ships called ’clipper ships’ were built. They had long, slim hulls, and tall masts.

1819 the 1 st steamships to cross the Atlantic combined steam and wind power. - 1845 the 1 st ocean-going liners made of iron and driven by a propeller were built from this time. 1880 s, some steam driven river boat had rear paddles and were called stern wheelers, others had paddle wheels on either side.

1910, coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil instead of steam. -1955, Hovercraft float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of high speeds up to 140 km an hour. 1959, the N. S. Savanah, one of the 1 st nuclear powered cargo ships, was able to sail for three and a half years without refueling.

1980 s, used as ferries or water taxis, hydrofoils ride on wings that lift the craft clear of the water so that it can rides on skis as it gains speed. Container ships carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A modern cargo ship can carry up to one thousand containers. All containers are the same size and they are unloaded at ports which are equipped with special cranes. That containers are loaded onto trucks to be taken from the port.

Among the largest ships ever built, there supertankers are used to transport oil. -1990 s, Cruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating holidays. Passengers live on the ships, which has restaurant, shops, cinemas and other recreation venues.

Modern nuclear powered aircraft carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear powered submarines are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory.

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF MARITIME CARGO

All the design and development of ship should follow the environmental aspect. This is important to protect our environment (both sea and atmosphere) from pollution.