ENVE 542 Air Pollution Control Technologies Instructor Assist

ENVE 542 Air Pollution Control Technologies Instructor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar ERGENEKON Lecture Notes 2010 Updated 09/2014

ENVE 542 • You will find the answers to the following questions: – What are the air pollution types and sources, and major air pollutants – What are the behavior of target particulate and gaseous pollutants? – What are the common air pollution control technologies and their design criteria?

Course Structure • • • Homeworks: %30 Exam/Plant Visiting and Presentation: %20 Project: %20 Final Exam: %30 Super Pro Designer and Excell will be used for the HWs Books: 1)Air Pollution Control by Cooper and Alley, Fourth Edition 2)Air Pollution, Its origin and Control, Wark, Warner and Davis 3)Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Edited by Wayne T. Davis • Lecture notes at http: //www. gyte. edu. tr/environment/ Ders Web Sayfaları > ENVE 542

Date Topic Week 1 Intro/An overview of air pollution history in the world and in Turkey Week 2 Atmospheric Pollutants, Pollutants of Global Concern, Causes Sources and Effects Week 3 Selecting Appropriate Control Technologies (HW 1) Week 4 Particulate Matter and Aerosol Physics Week 5 Introduction to Superpro Week 6 Particle Control Technologies (Cyclones, ESP) Week 7 Particle Control Technologies (Fabric Filters, Particulate Scrubbers) Week 8 A Particulate Control Problem Week 9 Exam Week 10 Properties of Gases and Vapors (HW 3) Week 11 Gas and Vapor Control Technologies (VOC Incinerator, Gas Adsorption, Gas Absorption, Biological Control Systems) Week 12 Control of Sulfur Oxides Week 13 Control of Nitrogen Oxides (HW 4) Week 14 A Vapor Control Problem

Plant Visiting and Presentation • Choose a facility having air emission to be controlled • Arrange a visit • Present the main aspects of air emissions and control methods applied by the facility (A sample presentation will be provided)

Term Project • Design an appropriate control system for particulate and gaseous pollutants for the given exhaust stream (details will be given later) by using Super. Pro. • Your report should include: • Flowchart of proposed control system drawn by Super. Pro (Please write in detail how to do this in super. Pro) • Assumptions made for the design except that given conditions • The composition of each stream (Mass & Energy Balance Results) Super. Pro (Please write in detail how to do this in super. Pro) • Equipment Sizing (Parameters of the designed equipment i. e. , diameter, length, or area energy requirement, number) • Encountered problems during using Superpro if there any.

Design By Software • Enviro. Pro – Super. Pro Designer by Intelligent Inc. http: //www. intelligen. com/enviropro_overview. shtml • Enviro. Pro Designer is an environmental process simulator designed to enhance the productivity of engineers and scientists engaged in the design, development, and assessment of integrated water purification, wastewater treatment, and waste disposal processes. • Enviro. Pro Designer is a valuable tool for environmental consulting engineers, process designers, and treatment/disposal plant engineers and managers. It enables the user to efficiently develop, assess, and optimize environmentally beneficial technologies. • It provides under a single umbrella modeling of end-of-pipe treatment processes, project economic evaluation, and environmental impact assessment. • Its VOC emission models (accepted by EPA) can be used to calculate emissions from treatment plants and track the fate of hazardous chemicals.

Design By Software • • • • • Key Features of Enviro. Pro Designer: Models for over 70 operations. Material and energy balances. Equipment sizing and costing. Thorough process economics. Rigorous VOC emission calculations from treatment plants. Chemical component fate prediction. Extensive chemical component and mixture database. Extensive equipment and resource databases. Waste stream characterization. Environmental impact assessment. Intuitive graphical user interface. Advanced hypertext help facility. OLE-2 support. PFD customization through addition of your own graphics and text. Compatibility with a variety of graphics, spreadsheet, and word processing packages. Option to export PFDs in DXF format (for incorporation into Auto. CAD) and in WMF format.

Unit Procedure Models in Enviro. Pro Designer Reaction Aerobic Bio. Oxidation Plug Flow Aerobic Bio. Oxidation … Incineration UV Radiation CSTR Batch Reaction Plug Flow Reaction Equilibrium Reaction Solid/Gas Separation Electrostatic Precipitator Baghouse Filter Gas Cyclone Solid/Liquid Separation Decanter Centrifuge Hydrocyclone Clarifier … Plate & Frame Filter Rotary Vacuum Filter Granular Media Filter Belt Filter Phase Separation Absorption Stripping Degasification Activated Carbon Adsorption Ion Exchange Decantation Pressure Change Pumps Compressors Fan/Blower Drying Sludge Dryer General Unit Ops Generic Boxes for Reaction and Separation … Heater/Cooler Heat Exchanger Tanks Various Storage Tanks Various Blending Tanks Equalization Tank Junction Box

Books Cooper and Alley (2011), Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach, Waveland Press, Inc. Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Wiley, Edited by Davis Boubel, Fox, Turner and Stern (1994) Fundemantals of Air Pollution, Academic Press Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolünün Esasları, Ayşen Müezzinoğlu

Related Journals • Atmospheric Environment • Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) , (http: //www. atmospolres. com) • Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association • Environmental Science and Technology • Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry • Tellus B • Journal of Geophysical Research, part D

A Brief History of Air Pollution • Comparing the air of cities to the air of deserts and arid lands is like comparing waters that are befouled and turbid to waters that are fine and pure. In the city, because of the height of its buildings, the narrowness of its streets, and all that pours forth from its inhabitansts and their superfluities… the air becomes stagnant, turbid thick misty and foggy, If there is no other choice in this matter for we have grown up in the cities and have become accustomed to them you should select from the cities one of open horizons endeavor at least to dwell at the outskirts of the city • Moses Maimonides (1135 -1204)

1660, Londra, John Evelyn

1660, Londra, John Evelyn

Perception of Air Pollution “A well-known European artist, who recently visited this country, has been quoted as saying that American cities would be more beautiful if there were more smoke to tone down the sharp outlines of the buildings and give a soft; pleasing gray. Evidently, says the American Machinist, his observations were not made in Chicago or Cincinnati or' Pittsburgh. Smoke may appeal to the ultraartistic, but when it has been estimated that the smoke nuisance costs the American people nearly $50, 000 every year, there seems to be another point from which to look at it. ” • A M E R I C A MAY 31, 1913. VOL. IX, No. 8.

Air Pollution • Burning coal even in the summer time as solution to plague in 1665… • Smoke and coal dusts were believed to be a good disinfection means according to a study made in 1914. People with tuberculosis used to send to mine regions • Smoke as the indicator of the economic wealth (Clearing the air, Indur M. Goklany)

• Much of our economic distress is because of the fact that there is not enough smoke in Pittsburgh. . . The metropolis that earned the sobriquet of the ”smoky city“ has not been living up to those vaporous laurels. (Will the Circle Be Unbroken: A History of the U. S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards, John Bachmann)

Air Pollution History in Turkey • 1962’de AP milletvekili C. Ertuğ tarafından hazırlanan kanun teklifinde toz ve gazların bronşit, göz hastalıkları ve kansere neden olmaları nedeniyle kontrolü isteniyor. Önerilen maddeler kömürlü lokomotiflerin, büyük kamyon ve otobüslerin şehrin içinden geçmemesi, sanayi kuruluşlarının yerlerinin meteoroloji uzmanlarının da olduğu bir fenni heyet tarafından belirlenmesi, tesislerin (ocak, kazan, baca olanların) inşaatından önce ve sonra kontrolünü kapsıyor. • 29: 12. 1962, Milliyet

Ankara • 1969’da Makine Mühendisleri Odasının “Pis Havalı İller içinde Ankara 3. ” başlığı ile çıkan haberde odanın çözüm önerilerinden bazıları: – Hava kalitesi ile mücadele kanunu – Elektrikle teshin, merkezi teshin – Tepelere büyük vantilatör kurmak ve çanak içine geniş dikey borular dikerek havaya hareket vermek – Ağaçlandırma ile cereyan sağlamak, trafiği hızlandırmak, soba cinslerini ıslah etmek – İyi kalite dumansız yakıt kullanmak… (Sevim. Yumuturuğ, Prof. Dr. , Ankara Hava kirliliğinin 1968 senesindeki durumu )

Refik Erduran Milliyet, 15. 12. 1970 Geçen gün Los Angeles’li bir mühendisle bu hava kirlenmesi konusunu görüşürken başkentimiz Ankara’nın dünyadaki en pis havalı şehirlerden biri olduğunu söyledim. . . Üzülmeyin dedi, havayı temizlemenin bir yolunu bulduk galiba. Ve anlattı: Los Angeles bu çeşit kirlilikte dünya şampiyonuymuş. Tepelerle çevrili kase biçiminde bir büyük çukurlukta bulunduğu ve yeryüzünün en otomobili bol bölgesinin merkezi olduğu için zehirli duman birikimi burada sık ciddi tehlike yaratıyormuş. Şimdiye kadar bu dersin çözümlenmesi yönünde devamlı araştırma yapılmış çeşitli teklifler iler sürülmüş. Zehirli dumanların dev vantilatörlerle üfürülmesi bile düşünülmüş. Hiçbirini uygulama imkanı yokmuş pratikte. (Üfürülen dumanlar rüzgar cilveleriyle dönüp tekrar şehrin üstüne çöreklenebiliyormuş. Gereken binlerce dev vantilatör ise hem paraca yıkımmış hem de harcayacakları elektrik için kurulacak dev santrallerin kullanacağı yakıt havayı büsbütün kirletirmiş. Şimdi bambaşka bir şey akıl etmişler: Banyoyu dolduran kirli suyun dipteki deliğin açılması ile akıp gidişi gibi şehir çukurluğundaki kirli havanın sokak mazgallarının içine emilerek kanalizasyon kanallarından bir büyük süzgeç merkezine toplanması, orada temizlendikten sonra tekrar yeryüzüne püskürtülmesi. Bunun için bazı mazgalların altlarına küçücük hava tulumbaları yerleştirilmesi yetiyor hem dünya atmosferinin kirletilmesi de böylece büsbütün önleniyormuş. Siz de aynı şeyi Ankara’da yapmayı düşünemez misiniz diye sordu Düşünemeyiz dedim Neden pek bir para istemiyor Paradan değil biz zaten hovarda milletizdir, masraftan çekinmeyiz… Öyleyse Ankara’da dediğim sistemi niçin kuramayasınız? Bunun için mazgalları kanalizasyon bağlamak gerek değil mi Evet Ankara kanalizasyon yok ki Havayı tehlikeli derece kirletecek kadar gelişmiş ülkesiniz ama başkentinizde kanalizasyon yok Öyle …. http: //www. google. com. ar/patents/US 3898059

Air Pollution Episodes Location Date Pollutants Symptoms and Effects Meuse Valley, Belgium 1 -5 Dec, 1930 SO 2 (9. 6 -38. 4 ppm) 63 Excess Death, chess pain, cough, eye and respiration problems, effective for all ages Poza Rica, Mexico 26 -31 Oct, 1948 H 2 S 22 excess death, 320 hospitalized London 5 -9 Dec, 1952 SO 2, particulates 4000 excess death Newyork 24 -30 Nov, 1966 SO 2, particulates 168 excess death Donora, Penssylvania 1948 21 excess death http: //www. youtube. com/wat ch? v=IKDp. NTNm 1 Cc

Concentrations of Trace Compounds in Ambient Atmosphere Species Clean Region (ppb) Polluted Region (ppb) SO 2 1 -10 20 -200 CO 120 1000 -10000 NO 0. 01 -0. 05 50 -750 NO 2 0. 1 -0. 5 50 -250 O 3 20 -80 100 -500 HNO 3 0. 02 -0. 3 3 -50 NH 3 1 10 -25 HCHO (Formaldehit) 0. 4 20 -50 HCOOH (Formic acid) 1 -10 HNO 2 (Nitrous acid) 0. 001 1 -8 CH 3 C(O)O 2 NO 2 (Peroksiacetilnitrat, PAN) <0. 1 5 -35 NMHC (Non Methane Hydro Carbons) <0. 65 500 -1200 Fine Particles PM 2 <10 mg/m 3 <20 -100 mg/m 3

Teaching Domains Air pollutants, air pollution sources, common control methods, emerging kontrol technology, emerging pollutants and their control, basic approach designing an air pollution control unit. Knowledge Action To be able to roughly design a typical control unit, To solve basic design problems, To be able evaluate general characteristics of air emissions from various sources Self Being aware of pollution as an whole integrated domain Being aware of global radical change can be at stake with pollution problems without spatial boundaries Approaching environmental problems more holistically

Some Short Documentaries A smoke inspector in 1970 s in Los Angeles http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=fg. ISOdj 5 Hlg History of air pollution in LA http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YNKu. Qjos 5 Aw http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MOQj. K 3 LWo. K 8 Air Pollution in China http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. IRkax 6 WUw. Q http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=of. Qvy. XEGyrk Smog Clinic in China http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. PXe. CFJqm. RY

Three people were injured when a chemicals factory in Igualada, Spain, exploded March, 2015. A brightly coloured cloud formed above the site, and residents in nearby towns were told to stay indoors until the toxic miasma dispersed, which took several hours. As seen from the shape of plume, unfortunately no wind to effectively disperse the plume.

The nitric acid and ferric chloride