ENT 288 Microprocessor Number of unit 3 Lecture

ENT 288 Microprocessor Number of unit: 3 Lecture: 33 Hours (64%) Laboratory: 10 Hours (20%) Tutorial: 4 Hours (8%) Mini project: 4 Hours (8) Reference Book: • Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay & Danny Causey. • PIC Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C for PIC 18, Pearson Prentice Hall 2008.

1. 0 Introduction to Microprocessor 1. 1 History of Computer 1. 2 Components of a Computer 1. 3 History of Microprocessor 1. 4 Microprocessor System 1. 5 Microcontroller System 1. 6 Embedded System 1. 7 Embedded System Application 2

1. 1 History Of Computer Abacus • 3000 BCE, early form of beads on wires, used in China • From semitic abaq, meaning dust.

Chinese Swan Pan

The Middle Ages

Charles Babbage (1791 -1871) • Born: December 26, 1791 • son of Benjamin Babbage a London banker (part of the emerging middle class: property, education, wealth, and status) • Trinity College, Cambridge [MA, 1817] with John Herschel and George Peacock, produced a translation of La. Croix’s calculus text.

Ada Augusta Byron, Countess of Lovelace • Translated Menebrea’s paper into English • Taylor’s: “The editorial notes are by the translator, the Countess of Lovelace. ” • Footnotes enhance the text and provide examples of how the Analytical Engine could be used, i. e. , how it would be programmed to solve problems! • Myth: “world’s first programmer”

Herman Hollerith and the Evolution of Electronic Accounting Machines • Born: February 29, 1860 – Civil War: 1861 -1865 • • • Columbia School of Mines (New York) 1879 hired at Census Office 1882 MIT faculty (T is for technology!) 1883 St. Louis (inventor) 1884 Patent Office (Wash, DC) 1885 “Expert and Solicitor of Patents”

• Thomas J. Watson (1874 -1956) hired as first president • In 1924, Watson renames CTR as International Business Machines

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) • 1 st large scale electronic digital computer • designed and constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania – since 1920 s, faculty had worked with Aberdeen Proving Ground’s Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL)

Early Thoughts about Stored Program Computing • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract to include research on the EDVAC and the stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (? ) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team ontribute ideas

EDSAC • Maurice Wilkes, University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge University • Moore School Lectures • Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, EDSAC operational May, 1949 • J. Lyons Company and the LEO, Lyons Electronic Office, operational fall 1951

National Physical Laboratory • • Alan Turing Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) Basic design by spring, 1946 Harry Huskey joins project Pilot ACE working, May 10, 1950 English Electric: DEUCE, 1954 Full version of ACE at NPL, 1959

Second Generation (1958 -1964) • 1958 Philco introduces TRANSAC S-2000 – first transistorized commercial machine • • IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961) 1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962) 1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962) FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL are first standardized programming languages

Third Generation (1964 -1971) • April 1964 IBM announces the System/360 – solid logic technology (integrated circuits) – family of “compatible” computers • • 1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600 nanoseconds telecommunications BASIC, Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

Fourth Generation (1971 - ) • • • Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI) Nanoseconds and picoseconds Databases (large) Structured languages (Pascal) Structured techniques Business packages

PDP-11 (1970)

Intel • Noyce, Moore, and Andrew Grove leave Fairchild and found Intel in 1968 – focus on random access memory (RAM) chips • Question: if you can put transistors, capacitors, etc. on a chip, why couldn’t you put a central processor on a chip? • Ted Hoff designs the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor in 1969 – based on Digital’s PDP-8

Microcomputers • Ed Roberts founds Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1968 • Popular Electronics puts the MITS Altair on the cover in January 1975 [Intel 8080] • Les Solomon’s 12 year old daughter, Lauren, was a lover of Star Trek. He asked her what the name of the computer on the Enterprise was. She said “ ‘computer’ but why don’t you call it Altair because that is where they are going tonight!”

21

1. 2 Components of a Computer Architectures • Princeton versus Harvard Architecture • CISC versus RISC processors • Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 22

von-Neumann Architecture The CPU can either read an instruction or read/write data from/to the memory. Both cannot occur at the same time 23

Harvard Architecture CPU can read an instruction and perform a data memory access at the same time 24

25

RISC vs. CISC RISC: Reduced Instruction Set computers RISC features: – – – Every instruction does a simple task Fixed instruction length (usually 32 bits) Data operations only applies to registers not memory Use memory load and store instruction to move data Use general purpose registers (usually 32) Use simple ways of referencing memory words CISC: Complex Instruction Set computers 26

Basic Computer Architecture • Central Processing Unit – Interprets and carries out all the instructions contained in software • Memory – Used to store instructions and data – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read Only Memory (ROM) • Input/Output – Used to communicate with the outside world Buses I/O CPU Memory 27

28

1. 3 History Of Microprocessor 1950 s - The beginning of the digital era and electronic computing 1969 – Intel is a small startup company in Santa Clara with 12 employees. Fairchild, Motorola are large semiconductor companies; HP and Busicom make calculators 1971 – Intel makes first microprocessor the 4 -bit 4004 series for Busicom calculators 1972 – Intel makes the 8008 series, an 8 -bit microprocessor, ATARI is a startup company, Creates a gaming console and releases PONG 29

1974 – the first real useful 8 -bit microprocessor is released by Intel – the 8080 Motorola introduces the 6800 series. Zilog has the Z 80 1975 – GM and Ford begin to put microcontrollers in cars. Many cars today have over 100 microcontrollers. TI gets into the microprocessor business with calculators and digital watches 1977 – Apple II is released using MOS 6502 (similar to motorola 6800). Apple II dominated from 1977 to 1983 1978 – Intel introduces the first 16 -bit processor, the 8086. Motorola follows with the 68000 which is ultimately used in the first Apple Macintosh 30

1981 – IBM enters the PC making market and uses the Intel 8088 – proliferation of the home computer 1982 -1985 – Intel introduces the 32 -bit 80286 and 80386 1989 – 80486 is being used in PC’s, able to run Microsoft Windows 1992 – Apple, IBM and Motorola begin to make Power. Mac and Power. PC’s using Motorola chips 1993 – Pentium chip is released The rest is history 31

32

Microcontroller versus Microprocessor 33

34

Processor Performance CPU Time = # Cycles × Cycle Time = # Instructions × CPI × Cycle Time CPI: Cycles per instruction 35

Microprocessor • A single chip that contains a whole CPU – Has the ability to fetch and execute instructions stored in memory – Has the ability to access external memory, external I/O and other peripherals • Examples: – Intel P 4 or AMD Athlon in desktops/notebooks – ARM processor in Apple i. Pod 36

Microprocessor (MPU) – Read instructions – Process binary data CPU Time = # Cycles × Cycle Time = # Instructions × CPI × Cycle Time CPI: Cycles per instruction 330_01 37

MCU-Based Systems • Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip • Buses are generally not available to a system designer • I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions 330_01 38

The CPU • Purpose: The controlling element in a computer system that performs data transfers, integer arithmetic and logic, and input/output operations. • • • Sizes: 4 -bits to 64 -bits Speeds: up to 4 GHz A byte is 8 -bits Memory is addressed by byte RISC vs. CISC 39

CPU Task • Executes instructions from the memory system. • A program is a collection of instructions stored sequentially in the memory. • A program is the computer’s software. • The stored program concept makes the computer fast and powerful. 40

Data Transfer Operations • Most of a CPUs time is spent transferring data. • Data transfers include: instruction fetches, transfers between memory and registers, transfers between registers and I/O. • Transfers occur though the data bus. 41

Arithmetic and Logic Operations • The CPU performs arithmetic on integers using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (some microcontrollers do not divide). • Logic operations include AND, OR (inclusive and exclusive), NOT, and shift/rotate. 42

Decisions • The CPU makes decisions based upon numeric facts to control the flow of a program. • Zero—Not Zero, Positive—Negative, Carry— No Carry • Decisions modify the flow of a program • Flow control allows tasks to be repeated or skipped. 43

Memory • Memory in a computer system is normally numbered in bytes. • Memory is accessed by bytes using a memory address (address bus) numbered from memory location 0000. • Memory addresses are expressed in the hexadecimal numbering system (radix 16). • Memory data flow through the data bus. 44

Data Bus • The data bus is 4 -, 8 -, 16 -, 32 -, or 64 -bits in width in modern computers. • The size of the CPU and its data bus are the same or in some cases the data bus may be twice as wide as the CPU size. • A 16 -bit computer has a 16 -bit data bus. • The Pentium 4 is a 32 -bit computer with a 64 bit data bus. 45

Address Bus • The address bus selects a memory location or an I/O device • The size (number of bits) of the address bus determines the maximum memory size. • An 8 -bit address can address 256 bytes of memory (28). • 1 K = 1024 and requires a 10 -bit address • 1 M = 1024 * 1024 and requires a 20 -bit address • 1 G = 1 M * 1024 and requires a 30 -bit address • 1 T = 1 G * 1024 and requires a 40 -bit address 46

Control Bus • The control bus controls memory and I/O. • The control bus contains two main signals that originate from the CPU. • The #RD signal causes a read operation. • The #WR signal causes a write operation. • Some CPUs also contain a signal that selects memory or I/O called M/#IO. 47

ROM • A ROM is a nonvolatile memory that is used to store programs and static data • The ROM is usually either an EPROM or an EEPROM memory. • The EPROM is erased using an ultraviolet lamp. • The EEPROM is erased electrically • In either device, memory does not change when power is removed from the system. 48

RAM • The RAM is the read/write memory in a system that stored dynamic data and will not retain data without power. • RAM is available as either SRAM or DRAM. • SRAM stores data as long as power is applied. • DRAM must be refreshed because it only stores data for a few milliseconds. • Large memory system usually use DRAM and small memory systems usually use SRAM. 49

I/O • The I/O in a computer allows the CPU and its program to communicate to humans and machines. • A input device inputs data to the CPU and examples include keyboards and switches. • An output device accepts data from the CPU and examples include printers, indicators, and so forth. • I/O data is often 8 -bits in width. 50

INSTRUCTION SET RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) i. e. PIC Microcontroller CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) i. e. Intel 8085 51

Intel processors • • • CPU Year 4004 1971 8008 1972 8080 1974 8088 1980 80286 1982 80386 1985 80486 1989 Pentium 1993 Data Memory MIPS 4 1 K 8 16 K 8 64 K 8 1 M. 33 16 1 M 3 32 4 G 11 32 4 G 41 64 4 G 111

53

Microcontroller • Essentially a microprocessor with on-chip memories and I/O devices • Designed for specific functions • All in one solution - Reduction in chip count – Reduced cost, power, physical size, etc. • Examples – MC 68332, MC 68 HC 11, PPC 555 • More details of components later – A/D converters, temperature sensors, communications, timing circuits, many others 54

Microcontroller Components – CPU • Smart part – Processes instructions and data – All the parts of a microprocessor • Registers – fast memory used to store operands and other information – Condition register – positive/negative result – Exception register – overflow condition – Loop count register • Load-store architecture address Register 0 Register 1 r/w Register n-1 data inst ALU CPU 55

• CPU • On-chip peripherals and memory • Parallel and serial digital I/O • Analog I/O • Counters and timers • Internal ROM and/or EPROM Support Devices Timers A/D converter Serial I/O Common communication lines System Bus 56

Microcontroller Components – Memory • Each memory location has a specific address • We must supply an address to access the corresponding location • R/W allows us to select reading or writing • Various types of memory for different functions and speeds Memory location 0 Memory location 1 address data Memory location n-2 Memory location n-1 r/w 57

Microcontroller Components – Memory • Read Only Memory - Memory that can only be read – Holds the program code for a microprocessor used in an embedded system where the code is always the same and is executed every time the system is switched on – Computer BIOS, boot-up information • Other types of Read Only Memory – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) – Similar to ROM but can be erased (exposure to ultraviolet light) and reprogrammed – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) – more common that EPROM because it can be erased by the microprocessor – Flash Memory, Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), 58 Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)

Microcontroller Components – Memory • Random Access Memory – used to store dynamic data when processor is running – Holds program code and data during execution – Can be accesses in any random order – unlike takes or disks • Some types of RAM – Static RAM (SRAM) – Uses transistors to store bits, fast SRAM is used for cache – Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – Uses capacitors to store bits, must be refreshed, smaller and cheaper than SRAM • Fast Page Mode (FPM), Extended Data Out (EDO) • Synchrounous DRAM (SDRAM) – introduced in 1997 and replaced most DRAM in computers by 2000 • Double Data Rate (DDR SDRAM) – uses both clock edges found today in most computers • Direct Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) – somewhat of a flop 59

Microcontroller Components – I/O • Connection to the outside world • Examples – Analog to Digital Converter – Temperature Sensor – Display – Communications Circuit 60

Microcontroller Components – BUS • Group of wires used to transport information • CPU to Memory – Address bus – Data bus • CPU to I/O – Port mapped I/O – used when address space is limited, special instructions are needed for I/O – Memory mapped I/O – I/O looks like memory locations, easier to use and common in Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) 61

Microcontroller unit sales are 15 x higher than microprocessors. and cheaper but less feature and processing power. Microcontrollers are a large market with growth rate for 2003 is at 9. 42%. • 16 - and 32 -bit and higher are on the rise. They will double their unit market share from 15. 11% in 1998 to 31. 56% in 2003, decreasing 4 -bit and 8 -bit devices. • The manufacturer Intel, AMD, PIC, ARMS, TI, Motorola, Siemens, Hitachi, MIT, Renesas, Samsung. • 1994 Malaysia's first locally designed IC, 16 -bit RISC microprocessor, Pesona. 62

63

1. 6 Embedded System • Special purpose computer system usually completely inside the device it controls • Has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks • primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. • Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present. • Cost reduction compared to general purpose processor • Different design criteria – Performance – Cost – Reliability – Availability – Safety 64

Types of Embedded System 65

Embedded controller is selected based on system requirements; • data bus width and processing speed • memory for data collection and storage and control program. • built-in mathematic function, ADC, DAC, Servo • input/output, communication and package size and application. • Low power, small size and light weight • device development tools, testing and production cost. 66

What is a Real-Time System? • Real-time systems process events. • Events occurring on external inputs cause other events to occur as outputs. • Minimizing response time is usually a primary objective, or otherwise the entire system may fail to operate properly. Hard/Soft Real-Time Systems • Soft Real-Time System – Compute output response as fast as possible, but no specific deadlines that must be met. • Hard Real-Time System – Output response must be computed by specified 67 deadline or system fails.

Multi-Tasking and Concurrency • Most real-time systems are also embedded systems w/several inputs and outputs and multiple events occurring independently. • Separating tasks simplifies programming, but requires somehow switching back and forth among the three task (multi-tasking). • Concurrency is the appearance of simultaneous execution of multiple tasks. 68

Embedded System Programming Low Level Language Machine Language A bundle of binary bits with certain formats Only asks for simple operations AA 09 9 F • Assembly High speed, low code size However, difficult to do a large project in assembly Assembly: textual notations of machine program • 69

High level language e. g. C – – Ease of management of large embedded projects Provides an additional level above assembly programming Fairly efficient Supports access to I/O 70