Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation Using the EOS Family

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation Using the EOS Family of Products By: M. Tony Lieberman and Jim Cuthbertson April 19, 2011 YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation

Slide 2 About EOS Remediation Ø U. S. -based bioremediation company Ø Proven products used worldwide l Green states & provinces - EOS® implemented Every continent except Antarctica www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 3 Our Family of Soil and Groundwater Bioremediation Products Category Product Name EOS® Biostimulation (Anaerobic) Biostimulation (Aerobic) Bioaugmentation Aqua. Bup. H ® EOS® 550 LS VOS (under development) Target Contaminants Chlorinated Solvents Perchlorate Chromate Explosives Radionuclides Acid Mine Drainage EAS™ Petroleum Hydrocarbons EOx™ Petroleum Hydrocarbons BAC-9™ Chlorinated Solvents ENV-TCA 20™ Chlorinated Alkanes PJKS-1™ Chlorinated Solvents www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 4 Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Using EOS® Family Products Ø What is In Ø Situ Bioremediation Microbial processes Ø EOx™ Ø EOS® and EOS® 550 LS Ø Bac-9™ Ø Aqua. Bup. H ® Ø EAS™ www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 5 In Situ Bioremediation In Situ Bio Remediation In Place Microbial Method to Fix Biological agents (bacteria, fungi, plants, or their enzymes) used to clean up pollution in the environment. Reference: Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley, Earth Science Division, LBNL www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 6 Applying In Situ Bioremediation Ø Natural Attenuation – Natural Attenuation biotransformation occurs naturally: indigenous microbes present, substrates & nutrients present (can be Monitored Natural Attenuation - MNA). Ø Biostimulation / bioenhancement - Biostimulation / bioenhancement indigenous microbes present, but substrates &/or nutrients must be added to foster bioactivity. Ø Bioaugmentation – Bioaugmentation indigenous microbes not present, so organisms are added. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 7 Why Bioremediation? Ø Remediation Costs: l l Enhanced Bioremediation $29/yd 3 Thermal Treatment $88/yd 3 Chemical Oxidation $125/yd 3 Surfactant Co-solvent Flushing $385/yd 3 From: Mc. Dade, Travis, and Newell, 2005. Analysis of DNAPL sourcedepletion costs at 36 field sites. Remediation Journal 15, 9 -18. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 8 How Does It Work? Growth-Promoting Biological Reduction • Aerobic or Anaerobic • + + Electron Donor (Food) Electron Acceptor (something to breathe) [O 2, NO 3, SO 4, TCE, etc. ] EOx™ Waste Products [CO 2, N 2, Fe. S 2, Cl-] Energy (Drawing Modified from AFCEE and Wiedemeier) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 9 Products for Aerobic Oxidation Ø EOx - Aerobic Bioremediation of Petroleum

Slide 10 An Oxygen Releasing Compound for Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation Ø Time-release metal peroxide (Ca. O 2) Ø Accelerates bioremediation of aerobically degradable contaminants Ø Reaction generates oxygen Ca. O 2 + 2 H 2 O → ½ O 2↑ + Ca(OH)2 + H 2 O www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 11 An Oxygen Releasing Compound for Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation Ø Controlled release of oxygen l l Accelerates biodegradation by promoting activity of indigenous aerobic microorganisms. Results in a higher level of sustained bioactivity and increased contaminant removal. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 12 An Oxygen Releasing Compound for Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation Ø EOx™ Applications: l l Direct application of EOx™ powder or water slurry in excavations EOx™ and water slurry injection for source treatment or permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Case Study Industrial Facility Indianapolis, IN YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation

Slide 14 Industrial Facility Indianapolis, IN Site Map Courtesy of Holly Parsons, L.

Slide 15 Microbial Results Approximately 4 months after the EOx™ application Ø MW-3 R (impacted well in EOx™ treated zone) Ø MW-5 (impacted well, upgradient of EOx™ application) Ø CENSUS® Assay Phenol Hyrdoxylase (PHE) Toluene Dioxygenase (TOD) MW-5 MW-3 R Units 1. 39 E+02 2. 79 E+02 cells/ml 1. 10 E+07 3. 06 E+07 cells/ml Analytical Data Courtesy of Holly Parsons, L. P. G. , American Environmental Corporation www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 16 Analytical Results MW-5 RISC RDCL Naphthalene 8. 3 TPH GRO 1100 TPH ERO 100 TPH DRO 260 ppb ppb 11/6/2008 103 8100 5900 NS 4/24/2009 20. 8 4600 2700 NS 9/2/2009 127 3700 NS 2400 9/15/2010 EOx™ Application 11/24/2008 <5. 0 <200 NS 160 2/2/2010 <1. 0 <200 NS 140 5/13/2010 <5. 0 <200 NS 250 MW-3 R MTBE TPH GRO TPH ERO TPH DRO RISC RDCL 40 1100 260 ppb ppb 11/6/2008 63. 3 <200 230 NS 4/24/2009 6. 2 <200 NS 9/2/2009 23. 9 <200 NS 140 9/15/2010 EOx™ Application 11/24/2008 11. 5 <200 NS 460 2/2/2010 11. 5 <200 NS 100 5/13/2010 <4. 0 <200 NS 120 Analytical Data Courtesy of Holly Parsons, L. P. G. , American Environmental Corporation www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 17 Conclusions Ø Dissolved oxygen results still remain evaluated 11 months after treatment Ø IDEM dropped groundwater sampling requirements for the site Ø Site is currently seeking closure with an Environmental Restrictive Covenant www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Case Study Courtesy of J & L Environmental Technology Co. Ltd. Taiwan YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation

Slide 19 Case Study: Service Station, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 26 2300 6. 6 N 0 8 0 17 m Restroo 5 8 9820 KL 4 7 92 30 KL 3 12 95 30 KL 11 3066. 82 u Hydrogeology Ø Ø Ø Water level: 1. 5~2 m bgs GW flow to SSE Silty Sand (K ~ x 104) P 2 P 1 16 P 4 P 5 Car washin g machin e 95/92 /98 5/92 P 3 9 /98 P 11 (empt 30 KL y) 14 15 /92/9 95 8 8 P 6 GW fl o w P 12 Way out 17 5400 2 10 30 K L L 9 13 1 6 Office P 7 P 8 P 9 PD PD P 10 Way in 2733. 47 0 5 10 m ⊕ Pipe leak detector in oil storage tank area ● Pipe leak detector in piping and service area www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 20 6 26 Target Contaminant – Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons N 1 • Soil sample at S 1 Restroo 98 20 KL P 1 92 30 KL S 1 P 3 TPH: 1, 000 mg/kg (empty )30 KL 95/92/9 4 P 8 8 5400 P 5 30 KL 3066. 82 Taiwan Soil Pollution Control Standard P 2 95 30 KL Depth: 1. 5~3 m bgs • m Office TPH: 2, 303 mg/kg TPH-g: 283 mg/kg TPH-d: 2, 020 mg/kg 2300 . 68 0 70 95/92/9 8 8 P 6 Car Washin g Machin e GW fl o w P 7 P 8 PD P 9 PD Way out Way in 2733. 47 0 5 10 m www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 21 Remediation Activities Ø EOx™ Slurry Preparation l EOx™ powder : Water = 1: 10 (by wt) Ø Geoprobe Direct Push l Injection depth 1. 5~3. 0 m bgs Ø 1 st Round Injection on 4/15/2009 (3. a) l 2 points: 50 kg-EOx™ each point. Ø 2 nd Round Injection on 9/16/2009 (3. b) l 2 points: 50 kg-EOx™ each point. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 22 N 2300 8 Ø 6. 6 26 1 st Injection April 15, 2009 00 17 Restroo Two injection points m Office E 1 : S 1 Source Area E 2 : Downgradient 98 20 KL P 1 92 30 KL S 1 95 P 2 30 KL E 1 P 3 (empty ) 30 KL 95/92/98 P 4 5400 P 5 30 KL 3066. 82 95/92/98 P 6 E 2 Car Washin g Machin e GW fl o w P 7 P 9 P 8 PD PD Way out Way in 2733. 47 ■ Injection point 0 5 10 m www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 23 (2 months after 1 st Ø Collected samples at S 01 & S 02 Analyzed for: § TPH § BTEX Restroo m Office 98 20 KL P 1 92 30 KL S 1 95 P 2 30 KL E 1 S 01 P 3 P 5 30 KL (empty ) 30 KL 95/92/98 P 4 S 02 3066. 82 Ø 00 17 5400 injection) 2300 8 June 24 th 2009 N 6. 6 Ø 26 Initial Injection Performance Monitoring 95/92/98 P 6 E 2 Car Washin g Machin e GW fl o w P 7 P 9 P 8 PD PD Way out Way in 2733. 47 0 ■ Injection point ■ Sampling point 5 10 m www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 24 1 st Round Results Ø TPH at both S 01 and S 02 are below the standard. § § Ø S 01: TPH has been reduced from 2, 303 mg/kg to non-detect (<60 mg/kg). S 02: TPH was able to meet the standard, but still contaminant was there (<474 mg/kg). Implemented the 2 nd round injection work at S 02 area. Analytes & Soil Sample No. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene 5 500 250 500 S 01 <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 S 02 <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 464 Soil Pollution Control Standards Jun 24 th 2009 Analytical values（mg/kg） TPH-g TPH-d 1000 www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 25 26 N 2300 8 6. 6 2 nd Injection September 16, 2009 Ø Two injection points 00 17 Restroo m Office E 3 : S 02 Area E 4 : Downgradient 98 20 KL P 1 92 30 KL S 1 95 P 2 30 KL E 1 S 01 P 3 3066. 82 S 02 E 3 (empty ) 30 KL 95/92/98 P 4 5400 P 5 30 KL 95/92/98 P 6 E 2 Car E 4 Washin g Machin e GW fl o w P 7 P 9 P 8 PD PD Way out Way in 2733. 47 ■ Injection point (1 st ) ■ Sampling point (1 st) ■ Injection point (2 nd) 0 5 10 m www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 26 26 N 8 00 17 Restroo Office P 1 Analyzed for: § TPH § BTEX 95 P 2 S 04’ 30 KL P 3 P 5 30 KL S 02 E 3 S 01’ S 03’ E 2 (empty ) 30 KL 95/92/98 P 4 5400 Ø Collected samples at S 01’, S 02’, S 03’, S 04’ & S 05’ S 1 S 05’ E 1 S 01 3066. 82 Ø December 9 th 2009 (3 months after 2 nd injection) m 98 20 KL 92 30 KL Ø 2300 6. 6 Second Injection Performance Monitoring 95/92/98 P 6 S 02’ Car E 4 Washin g Machin e GW fl o w P 7 P 9 P 8 PD PD Way out Way in 2733. 47 ■ Injection point (1 st ) ■ Sampling point (1 st) 0 5 10 m ■ Injection point (2 nd) ■ Sampling point (2 nd) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 27 2 nd Round Results Ø TPH at all the five sampling points are reduced to non-detect (<50 mg/kg). Ø EOx™ helped clean the soil and reach site closure in a year. Analytical values（mg/kg） Analytes & Soil Sample No. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Soil Pollution Control Standards 5 500 250 500 <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 S 01’ Dec 9 th 2009 TPH-g TPH-d 1000 S 02’ <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 S 03’ <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 S 04’ <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 S 05’ <0. 10 <0. 30 <10. 0 <50. 0 www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 28 Summary Ø Total 4 drums of EOx™ (50 kg per point) were used for remediation. Ø No rebound was observed. Ø EOx™ helped clean the soil and reach site closure in a year. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 29 Products for Anaerobic Reductive Processes Ø EOS® Ø EOS ® 550

Slide 30 What is the Emulsified Oil Substrate ( ) Technology? Product that creates conditions conducive for anaerobic biodegradation. Ø Delivers an organic substrate into the subsurface to: Ø l l l Stimulate microbial growth. Develop an anaerobic groundwater treatment zone. Generate hydrogen through fermentation reactions. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 31 Anaerobic Fermentation Soybean oil ferments to acetic acid and hydrogen C 56 H 100 O 6 (soybean oil 1) + 50 H 2 O -B-> 28 CH 3 COOH (acetic acid) + 44 H 2 1 Represents weighted average of constituent fatty acids and glycerol. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 32 Patented, Field-Proven and Validated as a Cost-Effective Innovative Technology www. EOSRemediation.

Slide 33 EOS® and EOS ® 550 LS Ø Large % slow release substrate l l l Ø Small % easily biodegradable substrate l l Ø Emulsified soybean oil Small, uniform droplets Negative surface charge to reduce capture by sediments Lactate (EOS®) Low salt substrate (EOS® 550 LS) Micronutrients l l l Amino acids Trace nutrients Vitamins www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 34 Contaminants that can be Treated with EOS® and EOS ® 550 LS Ø Chlorinated Organics l l l Ø Ethenes (PCE, TCE) Ethanes (TCA) Methanes (CT) Energetic materials l Perchlorate (Cl. O 4 -), RDX, TNT, etc. Nitrate (NO 3 -) Heavy metals Radionuclides (Tc. O 4 -, UO 2+2) Ø Acid rock drainage Ø Ø Ø www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 35 What is Bioaugmentation? Ø Addition of high performance microbial cultures capable of degrading target contaminants. l l Exogenous to the site Indigenous to the site Ø Specialized anaerobic bacteria able to degrade chlorinated solvents and their daughter products (e. g. , PCE, TCE, cis-1, 2 -DCE, VC). Ø Specialized bacteria able to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 36 Role of in Chlorinated Ethene Bioremediation Can accumulate if DHC are absent or wrong strain PCE Cl Cl C Cl H+ Cl Cl C C Cl Cl Cl- Vinyl Chloride cis-1, 2 -DCE TCE H+ Cl Cl C C H H Cl- Dehalobacter Dehalospirillum Desulfitobacterium Desulfuromonas +Dehalococcoides H+ H C Cl C H H Cl- Ethene H+ H H C C H H Cl- Dehalococcoides www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 37 Degradation of a PCE (5 ppm) and TCA (5 ppm) Mixture 40 TCA PCE 1, 1 -DCA VC CA 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (d) 30 35 40 www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 38 p. H Effects on DHC p. H=7. 0 p. H=6. 5 p. H=6. 0 p. H=5. 5 & 8. 0 . Vainberg, S. , R. J. Steffan, R. Rogers, T. Ladaa, D. Pohlmann and D. Leigh, 2006. Production and Application of Large-Scale Cultures for Bioaugmentation, The Fifth International Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds Conference, Monterey, CA. Ashley Eaddy, 2008 Scale-Up and Characterization of an Enrichment Culture for Bioaugmentation of the P-Area Chlorinated Ethene Plume at the Savannah River Site. M. S. Thesis, Clemson University. www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 39 Aquifer Geochemistry and p. H Ø Sources of acidity l l Ø Naturally-occurring acidity Acids released fermentation and dechlorination Aquifer responses l l l Carbonate dissolution Proton exchange with clays Reduction of other electron acceptors www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 40 Common Bases Base Formula MW OH- per Mole Hydrated Lime Ca(OH)2 74. 1 2 OH- per Kg p. H Solubility (g/L) Comments 27. 0 12. 4 1. 85 Low Solubility Caustic Soda Na. OH 39. 9 1 25. 0 14 1, 100 Safety, Potential to overshoot p. H and kill aquifer Soda Ash Na 2 CO 3 106 2 18. 9 11. 7 300 CO 2 degassing Baking Soda Na. HCO 3 84 1 11. 9 8. 3 78 CO 2 degassing Limestone Ca. CO 3 100 1 10. 0 8. 3 0. 02 Low Solubility, Weak Buffer www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 41 Buffering Solution Ø Aqua. Bup. H® l Oil emulsion containing particulate buffer • • p. H ~9 Safe to handle, injectable liquid Low sodium content Provides long-term p. H stabilization www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Case Study Courtesy of Solutions-IES, Inc. , Raleigh, NC YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation

Slide 43 Case Study: Naval Weapons Station, Charleston, SC Ø Lithology l l l Ø Hydraulic Conductivity l Ø Ø K = 5. 2 to 8. 3 ft/day Nearly flat hydraulic gradient Groundwater l l l l Ø Sandy Clay to ~ 8 ft Clayey Sand : 8 – 16 ft Cooper Marl at 16 ft TCE = 10 to 28 mg/L cis-1, 2 -DCE = 0. 2 to 0. 4 mg/L Nitrate < 0. 5 mg/L Dissolved iron = 30 to 80 mg/L Sulfate = 60 to 100 mg/L TOC = <1. 5 mg/L p. H = ~6. 3 20’x 20’ Pilot test www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 44 Monitoring Results Ø EOS® injected as the electron donor Ø Initial conversion of TCE cis-DCE l l Little additional degradation after ~678 days No significant VC or ethene production www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 45 Aqua. Bup. H® Injected at Day 866 Ø Groundwater p. H increased to 8. 8 then decreased to ~ 5. 5 to 6. 1 l Ø Sediment l p. H increased ~ 6. 4 to 7. 7 www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 46 Effect of Buffering on VOCs Ø Increased p. H l stimulated biodegradation Ø Rapid Conversion l l l TCE cis-DCE cis VC 50 – 200 µg/L ethene produced www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 47 Effect of Buffering on Bacteria Background (cells/m. L) DHC TCE R-Dase Test Area (cells/m. L) Pre Post 3, 000 300 BDL 200, 000 -1, 000 BDL 5 BDL 1, 500 - 95, 000 Large increase in Dehalococcoides numbers Ø Large increase in TCE Reductase levels Ø www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 48 Products for Anaerobic Oxidation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright

Slide 49 What is EAS™? Ø Electron Acceptor Solution Ø A soluble product for anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon Ø Stimulates microbial growth Ø Patented Process (US Patent No. 7, 138, 060) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 50 Typical Petroleum Release Reference; Kolhatkar, R and Taggart, D, 2004 www.

Slide 51 Sulfate-Utilizing Microbes Dominate Process EPA-BP Study at 74 Sites sulfate reduction methanogenesis nitrate reduction aerobic oxidation iron reduction AFCEE Study at 42 Sites Ref: Wiedemeier, T. H et al. at 38 Sites www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 52 Why ? Electron Acceptor (EA) Oxygen (in air) Maximum Concentration (mg/L) Mass of Benzene Degraded per Unit Mass of EA Potential Benzene Degraded (mg/L) 9 – 10 0. 33 3. 0 – 3. 3 • • • Pure Oxygen 60 – 70 0. 33 19. 8 – 23. 1 EAS™ >1, 000 0. 22 >220 (A sulfate based soluble electron acceptor solution ) Issues • • Limited solubility Numerous oxygen sinks Potential aquifer clogging Biofouling near injection point Hydrogen sulfide; never documented as an issue in the field www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 53 Typical Project Removed leaking tank Injection Point Monitoring Wells Inject EAS™ into contaminant plume Unsaturated zone Groundwater flow Saturated zone (Drawing Modified from ITRC and Koenigsberg 2007) Plume of dissolved contaminants www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 54 Contaminants that can be Treated with Ø Petroleum Hydrocarbons l l l Aromatic Hydrocarbons Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) tert-Butyl Alcohol (TBA) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 55 Application Experience Ø Applied at over 200 sites l Ø Method of Injection & application l l l Ø KY, FL, CA, MI, IN, IL, WV, VA, IA, GA & NY Infiltration trenches Vertical wells Surficial spreading Former recovery wells Former SVE wells Temporary Geoprobe® points Variety of geological and hydrogeological settings www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 56 How Much EAS™ is Required? Ø Generally 3 -4 EAS™ applications Ø Utilization factor l 4. 7 grams of sulfate consumed per gram of BTEX degraded (Reference: Wiedemeier et al. ) www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 57 www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Case Studies Courtesy of James F. Cuthbertson, Senior Project Manager Antea™Group, an Oranjewoud N. V. Company YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation

Kentucky EAS Case Studies Jim Cuthbertson – Antea™Group Shavonne Gordon – Antea™Group Antea USA, Inc.

EAS States Antea USA, Inc.

Advantages of EAS Easily applied as an aqueous solution Proper application of EAS will result in no adverse health effects Results are surprisingly rapid No mechanical system installation required No O&M Antea USA, Inc.

Elizabethtown, Kentucky Case Study • Silt with Clay and Chert interbedded with silty Clays to 40 feet bgs. • Depth to groundwater about 25 feet. • Groundwater flow to the north. • Release confirmed in June 1992 • Historically, free product detected in MW-10, MW-11, and EW-1; no free product currently onsite. • 1, 000 gallons of EAS applied on March 16 to 17, 2009 • 1, 100 gallons of EAS applied on January 4 to 5, 2011 Antea USA, Inc.

Elizabethtown Site Map Antea USA, Inc.

Antea USA, Inc.

Calvert City, Kentucky Case Study • Site is currently a vacant lot • Silt with Clay to 9 feet bgs; then silty Clay to 20 feet bgs; then Sand to at least 26 feet bgs • Upper zone flows north; deeper zone flows south • Release reported as result of UST closure in December 1989 • Multi-phase extraction system operated intermittently during 1993 and 1994, and then again in 1998 and 1999 • Excavation completed in 2003 - 2, 036 tons removed • Historically, free product has been detected in MWC-3 and VP-6. • Site has maxed out the reimbursement limit with state of $1 million • 1, 800 gallons of EAS applied on June 25, 2009 Antea USA, Inc.

Calvert City Site Map Antea USA, Inc.

Antea USA, Inc.

Slide 73 Benefits of In Situ Bioremediation Ø Minimal site disruption l In situ approach with no ongoing O&M activities Ø Cost-effective Ø Sustainable l l Safe Green – Natural Processes www. EOSRemediation. com Copyright © 2011 EOS Remediation, LLC

Slide 74 Benefits of EOS® Products Accelerated cleanup Ø Regulatory acceptance Ø www.

For more information, please visit: www. EOSRemediation. com Thank you for attending … Questions? EOS Remediation Timothy Parker 1101 Nowell Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607 Phone 919 -873 -2204 Toll-free 888 -873 -2204 Fax: 919 -873 -1074 Email tparker@eosremediation. com YOUR NATURAL SOLUTIONS Patented Methods for In Situ Bioremediation Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive, Holland, Ohio 43528 Phone 419. 867. 8966 Fax 419. 867. 8976 Cell 419. 349. 7970 Email cemarlow@att. net