English SOL Institute Secondary Nonfiction Reading Strand Teaching
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English SOL Institute Secondary Nonfiction Reading Strand Teaching Text Structures Allison Carey, Reading Teacher Rachel Carson Middle School, FCPS
Secondary Nonfiction Reading Key Points in Nonfiction Reading • Nonfiction includes both informational and functional passages • Emphasis on text structures and organizational patterns. Examples in the Curriculum Framework • Comprehension of nonfiction reading is a reporting category on new SOL tests. 2
Secondary Nonfiction Reading Key Points in Nonfiction Reading • Pair passages of same topic: fiction and nonfiction • 9 -12 nonfiction standards include identification of faulty reasoning • More nonfiction items on SOL test beginning at 5 th grade 3
Secondary Nonfiction Reading 4 -12 Reading Blueprints 4
Teaching Text Structure • Structure is the key to comprehension– to comprehend a passage is to create a mental structure. (Calfee) • If students lack background knowledge on a topic, they depend on the structure of the text. (Caltaldo and Oakhill) • An understanding of text structure helps students summarize because a summary needs to reflect the structure of the text. (Kissner) 5
Brainstorming Background Knowledge GIVE ONE GET ONE 6
Text Structure • • • • • Italics Bold or colored print Underlining Indentation Sidebars Illustrations Graphics Photographs Headings Subheading Footnotes Annotations Typeset Hyperlinks Timelines Charts Graphs 7
Text Structure Interactive Text Feature Wall- a bulletin board where students can post examples of different text features like bold print, italics, graphs, photographs, captions, etc. 8
Text Structures Textmapping- a hands-on strategy to teach students about text features and to improve comprehension http: //www. textmapping. org/overview. html 9
Textmapping • Tape the pages of the chapter together to make a scroll • Use highlighters to mark the following parts of the chapter: Color pink purple yellow orange blue green Action highlight box arrow highlight box Feature headings/subheadings text corresponding to headings visual corresponding to text vocabulary words questions reading support/strategy connection 10
Textmapping Similarities Differences List at least 3 Which book do you prefer? Explain. 11
Text Structure/Organizational Patterns • • Cause and effect Compare and contrast Concept/definition Chronological or sequential Generalization or principle Listing or enumeration Problem/solution Process 12
Teaching Text Structure • Create a flip book with an example of each text structure. • Introduce a graphic organizer with each text structure. • Devote a few days to teach internal text structure. • Explicitly teach internal text structure. • Read an example of each text structure as a class. • Have students read an example of each structure with a partner. • Have each student independently read an example of each structure. • Complete a scavenger hunt to find an example of each structure. • Use the text structure work mat when reading nonfiction. 13
Text Structure Scavenger Hunt • Students work in pairs to search for an example of each internal text structure. • Pairs pick a topic to focus on as they gather an example of each text structure. • Some possible topics are sports, foods, athletes, musicians, or instruments. • Each example must be about the chosen topic. • The topic doesn’t change, but the internal text structure changes. • Students need to cite the source of each example. • All of the examples will be displayed and labeled on a poster. • Students will include a visual of the topic on the poster. 14
Online Resources Words that Signal a Text’s Organizational Pattern http: //www. somers. k 12. ny. us/intranet/reading/signalwords. html#gen Teaching Text Features http: //emilykissner. blogspot. com/2009/08/teaching-text-features. html Text Structures and Text Features http: //home. roadrunner. com/~EXCELLENCE 1/Text%20 Structure%20 Text%20 Features. htm Text Structure Resources http: //literacyleader. com/? q=textstructure E Reading Worksheets: Text Structure http: //www. ereadingworksheets. com/text-structure/ 15
References “Exploring Ways Authors Use Text Structures to Convey Meaning. " Pennsylvania Department of Education Standards Aligned System. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 July 2012. <http: //pdesas. org/module/content/resources/13035/view. ashx>. "In My Classroom: The Forest and the Trees: Teaching Text Structure. " In My Classroom: The Forest and the Trees. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 July 2012. <http: //emilykissner. blogspot. com/2009/07/teachingtext-structure. html>. Conklin, Tom. Nonfiction comprehension cliffhangers. New York: Teaching Resources, 2008. Print. Daniels, Harvey, and Nancy Steineke. Texts and lessons for content-area reading. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2011. Print. Kissner, Emily. Summarizing, paraphrasing, and retelling: skills for better reading, writing, and test taking. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006. Print. "Text Structure | Reading Worksheets. " ereadingworksheets | Free Reading Worksheets. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 July 2012. <http: //www. ereadingworksheets. com/text-structure/>. "The Textmapping Project - Home. " The Textmapping Project - Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 July 2012. <http: //www. textmapping. org/>. 16
Contact Information Allison Carey adcarey@fcps. edu 17
Disclaimer Reference within this presentation to any specific commercial or non-commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Virginia Department of Education. 18
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