English Morphology and Lexicology Shaoguangqinggmail com www windofspring

English Morphology and Lexicology Shaoguangqing@gmail. com www. windofspring. weebly. com

Chapter 4 o Word formation 2 n n 4. 5 Clipping 4. 6 Acronymy o o n n Initialisms Acronyms 4. 7 Back-formation 4. 8 Words from proper names

4. 5 Clipping o o omnibus-bus; aeroplane-plane; examination-exam automobile; taximeter cabriolet economics; gymnastics; mathematics; trigonometry luncheon; hamburger; coca colacoke

4. 5 Clipping o 1. front clipping n n earthquake helicopter telescope telephone

4. 5 Clipping o 2. back clipping n n n dormitory memorandum stereophonic gentleman fanatic discotheque

4. 5 Clipping o 3. front and back clipping n n influenza refrigerator (fridge)

4. 5 Clipping o 4. phrase clipping n n public house zoological garden popular music permanent waves

4. 5 Clipping o Changes in spelling and (or) sound n n n refrigerator (fridge) bicycle (bike) Coca cola (coke) perambulator (pram) television (telly)

4. 6 Acronymy o 4. 6. 1 Initialisms n o Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, such as VOA (Voice of America). 4. 6. 2 Acronyms n Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, such as radar (radio detecting and ranging).

4. 6. 1 Initialisms o 1. letters represent full words n n n n A. D. (Anno Domini) =in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ B. C. (Before Christ) C. O. D. (cash on delivery) BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) c/o (care of) p. c. (post card) UFO (unidentified flying object)

4. 6. 1 Initialisms o 2. letters represent parts of a word n n TV (television) ID (identification; identity card) TB (tuberculosis) GHQ (General Headquarters)

4. 6. 2 Acronyms o 1. formed from initial letters n n WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service) NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) BASIC (beginner’s all-purpose symbolic instruction code)

4. 6. 2 Acronyms o 1. formed from initial letters n n n CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) laser (lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language)

4. 6. 2 Acronyms o 2. initial letter of the first word + another word n n n N-bomb (nuclear bomb) D Notice (Defense Notice) G-man (Government man) D Day (decimalization day) V-Day (Victory Day)

4. 7 Back-formation o Suffixation vs. Back-formation n n Suffixation=base+ suffix (work+ er=worker) Back-formation=word– suffix (edit=editor- or)

4. 7 Back-formation o 1. Abstract nouns n n n diagnose=diagnosis– is donate=donation– ion enthuse=enthusiasm- iasm gloom=gloomy- y greed=greedy- y

4. 7 Back-formation o 2. Human nouns n n loaf=loafer– er sculpt=sculptor– or burgle=burglar- ar beg=beggar- ar

4. 7 Back-formation o 3. Compound nouns and others n n n eavesdrop=eavesdropping– ing merrymake=merrymaking– ing babysit=babysitter- er

4. 7 Back-formation o 4. Adjectives n n n drowse=drowsy- y laze=lazy- y frivol=frivolous- ous

4. 8 Words from proper names o 1. names of people: scientists/inventors n n n n ampere (French physicist Ampere) farad (British physicist Faraday) ohm (German physicist Ohm) volt (Italian physicist Volta) watt (Scottish inventor Watt) diesel (German inventor Diesel) mackintosh (Scottish inventor Mackintosh) bloomers (Mrs Bloomers in New York)

4. 8 Words from proper names o 1. names of people: characters in mythology n cherub (a charming pretty little male child) o n Cherub, a winged little attendant of God protean (able to assume different forms or characters; versatile) o Proteus, a sea deity with the gift of prophecy and the power to assume different forms

4. 8 Words from proper names o 1. names of people: historical figures n bobby (Br. E. policeman) o n Sir Robert Peel, founder of London police in early 19 th century cynic (one always suspicious of people’s motives); quisling (traitor) o Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian army officer who betrayed his country to the Nazis

4. 8 Words from proper names o 1. names of people: characters in literary works n n n quixotic (extravagantly romantic, idealistic, chivalrous) o Don Quixote in the novel Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes sadism (getting sexual pleasure from hurting other people) o Count Donation (Marquis) de Sade robot (a humanoid mechanical creature) o The mechanical monsters in the play R. U. R. by Karel Capek

4. 8 Words from proper names o 2. names of places n n n china (porcelain) o from the homeland China afghan (a kind of knitted rug) o first made in Afghanistan jersey (sweater) o from Jersey Island in the US champagne (a kind of wine) o From Champagne in France where the wine champagne was first produced rugby (a sort of ball games) o From a British Rugby school, which used to be known for the game

4. 8 Words from proper names o 3. names of books n utopia (a imaginary perfect society) o n odyssey (an extended journey) o n from Sir Thomas More’s book Utopia From Homer’s epic The Odyssey Babbit (a person concerned mainly with business and position, caring little for art or culture) o from the novel Babbit by Sinclair Lewis

4. 8 Words from proper names o 4. trade names n nylon, orlon, dacron, rayon (4 types of fabric) o n n Originally trade names frisbee (a plate-like toy) deep-freeze (a deep freezer) Omega (a kind of cigarette) xerox (photocopier)

4. 8 Words from proper names o 4. trade names n boycott (refusal or refuse to do business with, as a way of disapproval or opposition) o n n From the 19 th century Landlord Captain Boycott cabal (a clique or make secret plans for political action) From the initial letters of the five ministers Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale

4. 8 Words from proper names o Words that are commonized from proper nouns have rich cultural associations, and thus stylistically vivid, impressive and thoughtprovoking.

4. 8 Words from proper names o I want to be TV’s czar of script and grammar. n n the Roman Emperor Caesar any one with great or unlimited power; authority

4. 8 Words from proper names o Churchill, a bent Pickwick in blue uniform, looked up at him with majestic good humor, much older, more dignified, more assured. n n A naïve, benevolent character in Charles Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers The word Pickwick not only describes the outward appearance of Churchill, but also depicts his inward personality, building up an amiable image…

4. 8 Words from proper names o It is with procrustean thoroughness that the Soviet government squelches all dissent. n n From Procrustes, a giant of Attica who tortured travelers by stretching or cutting off their limbs to make them fit his bed, hence ‘ruthless in trying to force conformity’ The Soviet government treats the dissent with the same cruelty as Procrustes did with the travelers…