English Morphology and Lexicology Shaoguangqinggmail com www windofspring

English Morphology and Lexicology Shaoguangqing@gmail. com www. windofspring. weebly. com

Chapter 3 o Word Formation 1 n n 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 Morphemes Allomorphs Types of Morphemes Root and Stem

3. 1 Morphemes o the smallest unit of linguistic meaning. o A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. o Example n de+nature+al+ize+ation n un+system+atic+al+ly n (the words denaturalization and unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes)

3. 1 Morphemes o Morpheme vs. Syllable n boy (1 morpheme, 1 syllable) n desire, lady, water (1 morpheme, 2 syllables) n crocodile (1 morpheme, 3 syllables) n salamander (1 morpheme, 4 syllables)

3. 1 Morphemes o Two morphemes n boy + ish n desire + able o Three morphemes n boy + ish + ness n desire + able + ity

3. 1 Morphemes o Four morphemes n gentle + man + li + ness n un + desire + able + ity o More than four morphemes n un + gentle + man + li + ness n anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism

3. 2 Allomorphs o Morphemes vs. Morphs n Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. n Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. n Monomorphemic words: bird, tree, green, sad, want…

3. 2 Allomorphs o Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word; such alternative morphs are known as /s/ allomorphs. /z/ o {-s plurality}= n /iz/ Replacive allomorphs Zero allomorphs

3. 2 Allomorphs o {-d past}= /-id/ /-t/ /-d/ Relacive allomorphs Suppletive allomorphs Zero allomorphs

3. 2 Allomorphs o {NEGATION}= in- insane; inactive; incomplete improper; im- imbalance; immovable irregular; ir- irreconcilable; irrevocable il- illegal; illegible

3. 2 Allomorphs o Explain why a/an are allomorphs of one morpheme.

3. 2 Allomorphs o Explain why a/an are allomorphs of one morpheme. n {Article Singular}= a book/tree/cup… a university… an apple/orange…

3. 3 Types of Morphemes man; earth

3. 3 Types of Morphemes approach; go to -ced- ante-ent antecedent: something that goes before

3. 3 Types of Morphemes say; speak -dict- contra-ion -tor contradict: speak against…

3. 3 Types of Morphemes say; speak -dict- pre-ion -or predict: tell beforehand…

3. 3 Types of Morphemes -s -’s -er -s’ -est -ed -ing

3. 4 Root and Stem In this textbook, we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than a root.

Practice: root and stem o o o individualistic word individualist stem individual stem dividu root; stem

Practice: root and stem o o undesirables word undesirable stem desire root; stem