English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing shaoguangqinggmail com
- Slides: 59
English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing shaoguangqing@gmail. com www. windofspring. weebly. com
Chapter 2 o The Development of English Vocabulary n 2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family n 2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary n 2. 3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary n 2. 4 Modes of Vocabulary Development
2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family
The Indo-European Language Family
Sino-Tibetan Language family
Altaic languages
2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family o All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Some of them have played a considerable role in the course of the development of the English vocabulary.
2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary Celts: Celtic Roman Legions: 55 -54 BC~410 German tribes: Angles; Saxons; Jutes
2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary Celts: made Celticonly a Celtic small contribution to the English Roman Legions: vocabulary with such 55 -54 BC~410 words as crag and bin, and a number of German tribes: place names like Anglo-Saxons Avon, Kent, London, Thames.
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o In around 449, Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles). o Their language, Anglo-Saxon, was generally referred to as Old English.
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o The introduction of Christianity n Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine n At the end of the 6 th century n New words: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle…
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o They change meaning of native words: Easter n Name of the spring festival honoring the goddess of dawn n a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his crucifixion
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o Create new words by combining two native words n handbook (manual)
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings o The 9 th century o everyday words: father husband, house, life man, mother, summer winter skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o 1. The invasion by the Anglo-Saxons (449 AD) o 2. The introduction of Christianity (the end of the 6 th century) o 3. The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings (the 9 th century)
2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000 words o a highly inflected language just like modern German. o Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the language we use today.
2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o The invasion by Normans from France o in 1066 o Norman French: noble speech o English: inferior language
2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o By the end of the 13 th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. o the Wycliff translation of the Bible o the writings of Chaucer, Langland, etc.
2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o 1250~1500 o 9000 words of French origin into English o government, social scales, law, religion, moral matters, military affairs, food, fashion… state, power prince, duke judge, court, crime angel, mercy peace, battle Pork, bacon, fry, roast o dress, coat… o o o
2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o During this period, Britain had trade relations with the low countries, esp. Holland. o About 2 500 words of Dutch origin into English o boom (at the bottom of a sail) o deck, easel, freight o stoop (porch and entrance)
2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o Middle English retained much fewer inflections. o Endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number, case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verbs. o Old English: a language of full endings o Middle English: a language of leveled endings
2. 2. 3 Modern English (1500~ ) o Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. o Early Modern English o 1500 -1700 o Late Modern English o 1700~
Early Modern English(1500 -1700) o the new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics o Renaissance o over 10 000 Latin and Greek words (25%) into English o translators; scholars
Late Modern English(1700~ ) o Bourgeois Revolution (1640) o Industrial Revolution (1760) o British colonization o enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world o after World War 2 o breathtaking advances in science and technology o New words created for new ideas, inventions, or scientific achievements
In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with only a few exceptions. o It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (old English)to the present analytic language.
2. 3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary o Three main sources of new words n rapid development of modern science and technology o 45% n social, economic, and political changes o 11% n the influence of other cultures or languages o 24% (life-styles)
Words of science and technology o Biology & Chemistry: green revolution, astrobiology, astrochemistry o Space science: space shuttle, earthrise, moon walk, parking orbits o Medicine: retrovirus, open heart surgery o Atomic technology: smart bomb, fallout, irradiation
Green revolution
astrobiology
astrochemistry
space shuttle
earthrise
moon walk
parking orbits
retrovirus
open heart surgery
smart bomb
fallout
Words of economic/political changes o Food: fast food, TV dinner, megavitamin, soy milk o Clothing: granny glasses, pant suit, hip huggers o Music: disco, punk rock, soul music o TV and Film: talk shows, family movies, boob tube
TV dinner
granny glasses John Lennon
Pant suit
hip huggers
punk rock
soul music
Words of economic/political changes o Politics and economy: petropolitics, Watergate, the fourth world, stagflation, demand-pull o Education: open university, passfailing grade, telequiz o Women’s liberation: chairperson, girlcott, Ms o Drug culture: Mary Jane, soft drug, headshop
Drug culture o Mary Jane= Marijuana [, mærɪ'hwɑːnə]
Influence of other cultures/languages o Cuisine (Middle East): stir frying, pita bread, tahini, felafel o African: dashhikis o Fashion: Mao jackets, Nehru jacket o Martial arts: aikido, kungfu, dojo, black belt
pita bread
tahini
Felafel=falafel
Dashhikis=dashikis
Mao jackets
Nehru jacket
aikido
dojo
black belt
2. 4 Models of Vocabulary Development o 1. Creation: the most important way of vocabulary expansion o 2. Semantic change: creating new usages of words o 3. Borrowing: playing a vital role in vocabulary development o 4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words: (American use) loan for lend; guess for think; druggist for chemist; fall for autumn; sick for ill
- Connotative meaning of mother
- Dậy thổi cơm mua thịt cá
- Cơm
- English lexicology theory and practice
- Inflectional and derivational morphology
- Word combinations and phrases
- Ziwo jieshao
- Sophia shao
- Jerry shao
- Dr te-shao hsu
- Zhong shao
- Shao zhu
- Wlodarzcyk
- Synchronic and diachronic linguistics
- Word combination lexicology
- Contents of stylistic lexis
- Semantic exercise
- Word formation list
- Descriptive lexicology
- Introduction to lexicology
- Literary coinages examples
- Shortening in lexicology examples
- Classification of phraseological units
- Synchronic lexicology deals with …
- Coinage lexicology
- Word classes exercises
- Old english syntax
- English morphology exercises with answers
- Polysillabic
- Spoken english and broken english g.b. shaw summary
- Differences between americans and british
- Vocabulary differences in british and american english
- Spoken english and broken english summary
- British english and american english
- Morphology definition linguistics examples
- Syntax and morphology examples
- Rice growth stages
- What is inflectional and derivational morphology
- Differences between morphology and syntax
- Bacillus subtilis morphology and arrangement
- Bound morpheme example
- Words means nothing
- Syntax linguistics
- Introduction to morphology and syntax
- Speak theme
- Old english vs modern english
- Who is called the father of english tragedy
- Old english vs modern english
- Old english vs modern english
- Bella said i speak english
- Examples of old english
- Yersinia pestis morphology
- Process of word formation
- Branches of morphology
- Morphology of inflorescence
- Trichuris trichiura morphology
- What is territorial morphology
- Hair forensic analysis
- Morphology human geography
- Cocci