English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing shaoguangqinggmail com

English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing [email protected] com www. windofspring. weebly. com

Chapter 2 o The Development of English Vocabulary n 2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family n 2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary n 2. 3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary n 2. 4 Modes of Vocabulary Development

2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family

The Indo-European Language Family

Sino-Tibetan Language family

Altaic languages

2. 1 The Indo-European Language Family o All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Some of them have played a considerable role in the course of the development of the English vocabulary.

2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary Celts: Celtic Roman Legions: 55 -54 BC~410 German tribes: Angles; Saxons; Jutes

2. 2 A Historical Overview of English Vocabulary Celts: made Celticonly a Celtic small contribution to the English Roman Legions: vocabulary with such 55 -54 BC~410 words as crag and bin, and a number of German tribes: place names like Anglo-Saxons Avon, Kent, London, Thames.

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o In around 449, Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles). o Their language, Anglo-Saxon, was generally referred to as Old English.

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o The introduction of Christianity n Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine n At the end of the 6 th century n New words: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle…

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o They change meaning of native words: Easter n Name of the spring festival honoring the goddess of dawn n a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his crucifixion

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o Create new words by combining two native words n handbook (manual)

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings o The 9 th century o everyday words: father husband, house, life man, mother, summer winter skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o 1. The invasion by the Anglo-Saxons (449 AD) o 2. The introduction of Christianity (the end of the 6 th century) o 3. The invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings (the 9 th century)

2. 2. 1 Old English (450 -1150) o a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000 words o a highly inflected language just like modern German. o Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the language we use today.

2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o The invasion by Normans from France o in 1066 o Norman French: noble speech o English: inferior language

2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o By the end of the 13 th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. o the Wycliff translation of the Bible o the writings of Chaucer, Langland, etc.

2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o 1250~1500 o 9000 words of French origin into English o government, social scales, law, religion, moral matters, military affairs, food, fashion… state, power prince, duke judge, court, crime angel, mercy peace, battle Pork, bacon, fry, roast o dress, coat… o o o

2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o During this period, Britain had trade relations with the low countries, esp. Holland. o About 2 500 words of Dutch origin into English o boom (at the bottom of a sail) o deck, easel, freight o stoop (porch and entrance)

2. 2. 2 Middle English (1150 -1500) o Middle English retained much fewer inflections. o Endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number, case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verbs. o Old English: a language of full endings o Middle English: a language of leveled endings

2. 2. 3 Modern English (1500~ ) o Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. o Early Modern English o 1500 -1700 o Late Modern English o 1700~

Early Modern English(1500 -1700) o the new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics o Renaissance o over 10 000 Latin and Greek words (25%) into English o translators; scholars

Late Modern English(1700~ ) o Bourgeois Revolution (1640) o Industrial Revolution (1760) o British colonization o enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world o after World War 2 o breathtaking advances in science and technology o New words created for new ideas, inventions, or scientific achievements

In Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with only a few exceptions. o It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language （old English）to the present analytic language.

2. 3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary o Three main sources of new words n rapid development of modern science and technology o 45% n social, economic, and political changes o 11% n the influence of other cultures or languages o 24% (life-styles)

Words of science and technology o Biology & Chemistry: green revolution, astrobiology, astrochemistry o Space science: space shuttle, earthrise, moon walk, parking orbits o Medicine: retrovirus, open heart surgery o Atomic technology: smart bomb, fallout, irradiation

Green revolution

astrobiology

astrochemistry

space shuttle

earthrise

moon walk

parking orbits

retrovirus

open heart surgery

smart bomb

fallout

Words of economic/political changes o Food: fast food, TV dinner, megavitamin, soy milk o Clothing: granny glasses, pant suit, hip huggers o Music: disco, punk rock, soul music o TV and Film: talk shows, family movies, boob tube

TV dinner

granny glasses John Lennon

Pant suit

hip huggers

punk rock

soul music

Words of economic/political changes o Politics and economy: petropolitics, Watergate, the fourth world, stagflation, demand-pull o Education: open university, passfailing grade, telequiz o Women’s liberation: chairperson, girlcott, Ms o Drug culture: Mary Jane, soft drug, headshop

Drug culture o Mary Jane= Marijuana [, mærɪ'hwɑːnə]

Influence of other cultures/languages o Cuisine (Middle East): stir frying, pita bread, tahini, felafel o African: dashhikis o Fashion: Mao jackets, Nehru jacket o Martial arts: aikido, kungfu, dojo, black belt

pita bread

tahini

Felafel=falafel

Dashhikis=dashikis

Mao jackets

Nehru jacket

aikido

dojo

black belt

2. 4 Models of Vocabulary Development o 1. Creation: the most important way of vocabulary expansion o 2. Semantic change: creating new usages of words o 3. Borrowing: playing a vital role in vocabulary development o 4. Reviving archaic or obsolete words: (American use) loan for lend; guess for think; druggist for chemist; fall for autumn; sick for ill