ENGLISH FOR MAJOR 1 English Language English is

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전공 영어 ENGLISH FOR MAJOR 1

전공 영어 ENGLISH FOR MAJOR 1

English Language의 형성과정 English is an Indo-European language of the Germanic (red) branch that

English Language의 형성과정 English is an Indo-European language of the Germanic (red) branch that has evolved over the past fifteen hundred years primarily through three somewhat distinct periods: Old English Middle English Modern 8

The English language is made up mainly of elements of Latin, French, and Germanic

The English language is made up mainly of elements of Latin, French, and Germanic languages(2011. 7) 9

Spelling의 차이 AMERICAN – “-or” BRITISH – “-our” Color Colour Honour Favorite favourite AMERICAN

Spelling의 차이 AMERICAN – “-or” BRITISH – “-our” Color Colour Honour Favorite favourite AMERICAN – “-ze” BRITISH – “-se” Analyze Analyse Criticize Criticise Memorize Memorise AMERICAN – “-ll” BRITISH – “-l” Enrollment Enrolment Fulfill Fulfil Skillful skilful 12

Vocabulary 차이 AMERICAN BRITISH Apartment Flat Argument Row Carriage/coach Pram Bathroom Loo Can Tin

Vocabulary 차이 AMERICAN BRITISH Apartment Flat Argument Row Carriage/coach Pram Bathroom Loo Can Tin Cookie Biscuit Diaper Nappy Elevator Lift Eraser Rubber Flashlight Torch Fries Chips Gas Petrol Guy Bloke/chap 13

A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a root word.

A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a root word. A suffix is a word part added to the end of a root word. A base word is a word in its simplest form. A base word has nothing added to it. Examples: Do, Heat, Write, Read, Pack

Pre fix life antibody biology against 16

Pre fix life antibody biology against 16

study biology hydrolysis breakdown Suf fix

study biology hydrolysis breakdown Suf fix

READING & vocabulary 18

READING & vocabulary 18

Biology • Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and

Biology • Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organism, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. (분류) • Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. 20

Cell • Body is made up of millions of tiny structural units called cells

Cell • Body is made up of millions of tiny structural units called cells • Nucleus- gives cell ability to grow, to digest food and to divide, contains chromosomes composed of genes • Cytoplasm- gives the cell shape and contains components necessary for cell functions • Cell membrane- outside of cell 21

Surfaces (Most Animals) DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Dorsal – back or upper surface Ventral –

Surfaces (Most Animals) DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Dorsal – back or upper surface Ventral – belly or lower surface Anterior – head or front end Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head VENTRAL 22

Amphibians & Reptiles • Ø Ø Amphibians Are cold-blooded. Lay eggs. Have a smooth,

Amphibians & Reptiles • Ø Ø Amphibians Are cold-blooded. Lay eggs. Have a smooth, moist skin. Are able to live on land as well as in the water. • Reptiles Ø Are cold-blooded. Ø Lay eggs. Ø Have a dry skin covered with scales. (비늘) 23

Birds & Fish • Bird Ø Have feathers. Ø Lay eggs. Ø Are warm-blooded.

Birds & Fish • Bird Ø Have feathers. Ø Lay eggs. Ø Are warm-blooded. • Fish Ø Are cold-blooded. Ø Lay eggs (but some do give birth to live young). Ø Have a moist skin covered in scales. Ø Breathe through gills. 24

Mammals • Give birth to live young. • Feed their babies with their own

Mammals • Give birth to live young. • Feed their babies with their own milk. • Are more or less covered with hair. • Are warm-blooded. 25

Types of Digestive Systems Monogastrics Chickens Pigs Turkeys Dogs Ruminants Beef Cattle Goats Dairy

Types of Digestive Systems Monogastrics Chickens Pigs Turkeys Dogs Ruminants Beef Cattle Goats Dairy Cattle Sheep Cats Deer 26

Terms on animals female animal adjective baby male parturition virgin adult intact castrate meat

Terms on animals female animal adjective baby male parturition virgin adult intact castrate meat d Steer cattle bovine calf calving heifer cow bull pig porcine piglet farrowing gilt sow boar barrow pork sheep ovine lambing ewe ram wether mutton horse equine foaling filly mare stallion gelding goat caprine kidding deer cervine fawn/ calf fawning Doe Buck nanny billy doe/hind bullock wether buck /stag beef horse meat goat meat veniso n 27

Anatomy of human body 28

Anatomy of human body 28

Reproduction • Reproduction is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are

Reproduction • Reproduction is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents". • Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. 29

Female Reproductive System Uterine tube * * A B Uterus C Ovary Vagina 30

Female Reproductive System Uterine tube * * A B Uterus C Ovary Vagina 30

Gametogenesis • Gametogenesis – the production of gametes. – Spermatogenesis – each primary spermatocyte

Gametogenesis • Gametogenesis – the production of gametes. – Spermatogenesis – each primary spermatocyte divides to form 4 sperm. – Oogenesis – each primary oocyte divides to form 1 ovum and 2 -3 polar bodies. • In oogenesis, cytokinesis is unequal, most of the cytoplasm goes to one daughter cell which becomes the ovum. The other cells, polar bodies, degenerate. 31

ovulation • Ovulation is the process in a female's menstrual cycle by which a

ovulation • Ovulation is the process in a female's menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg). • Ovulation also occurs in the estrus of other female mammals, which differs in many fundamental ways from the menstrual cycle. • The time immediately surrounding ovulation is referred to as the ovulatory phase or the periovulatory period. 32

Corpus luteum, CL • The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body") (plural corpora lutea)

Corpus luteum, CL • The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body") (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of estrogen and progestogen, which is needed to maintain the endometrium. • The corpus luteum develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, following the release of a secondary oocyte from the follicle during ovulation. 33

Luteolysis • Luteolysis is the process by which the corpus luteum loses its capacity

Luteolysis • Luteolysis is the process by which the corpus luteum loses its capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone. • A luteolytic agent is any factor that can reduce luteal progesterone synthesis or secretion and/or prevent the action of a luteotrophic hormone. 34

Estrous Cycle • The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin oestrus and

Estrous Cycle • The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin oestrus and originally from Greek meaning sexual desire) comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females. • Comprise구성하다 • Estrous cycles start after puberty in sexually mature females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or pregnancies. • Typically estrous cycles continue until death. 35

Semen • Semen is an organic fluid, also known as seminal fluid, that may

Semen • Semen is an organic fluid, also known as seminal fluid, that may contain spermatozoa. • Contains – 300 -500 million sperm – Sperm food – p. H buffers • Allows sperm to survive for a couple of days inside female’s body (hostile environment) 36

Capacitation • Mammalian sperm are not able to fertilize eggs immediately after ejaculation. They

Capacitation • Mammalian sperm are not able to fertilize eggs immediately after ejaculation. They acquire fertilization capacity after residing in the female tract for a finite period of time. • Capacitation is a process that sperm undergo as they travel through the uterine tube. • Capacitation enables the sperm to penetrate the egg. Sperm that have not been capacitated in the uterine tube cannot fertilize ova. 37

fertilization • Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually

fertilization • Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the uterine tube. It is also the initiation of prenatal development. • Fertilization has three functions: Ø transmission of genes from both parents to offspring Ø restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes reduced during meiosis Ø initiation of development in offspring 38

cleavage • Cleavage is the first step in development of ALL multicelled organisms. •

cleavage • Cleavage is the first step in development of ALL multicelled organisms. • Cleavage converts a single-celled zygote into a multicelled embryo by mitosis. • Usually, the zygotic cytoplasm is divided among the newly formed cells. • Frog embryos divide to produce 37, 000 cells in a little over 40 hours. 39

blastocyst • The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryogenesis of mammals,

blastocyst • The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryogenesis of mammals, after the formation of the morula. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM), or embryoblast(배아모체), which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of cells, or trobhoblast, which later forms the placenta. • The trophoblast surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled blastocyst cavity known as the blastocoele. The human blastocyst comprises 70 -100 cells. • Blastocyst formation begins at day 5 after fertilization in humans, when the blastocoele opens up in the morula. 40

ICM • the inner cell mass (abbreviated ICM) is the mass of cells inside

ICM • the inner cell mass (abbreviated ICM) is the mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. • This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. • The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed "blastocyst cavity, “ and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. 41

Embryogenesis • Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops.

Embryogenesis • Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops. • It starts with the fertilization of the ovum, egg, which, after fertilization, is then called a zygote. • The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions, the formation of two exact genetic replicates of the original cell, with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of an embryo. 42

Gastrulation • Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of animal embryos, during

Gastrulation • Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of animal embryos, during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration. • Gastrulation is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers. • The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. • Gastrulation 장배형성 germ layers 배엽(胚葉) position 자리잡다 43

Implantation • Implantation is an event that occurs early in pregnancy in which the

Implantation • Implantation is an event that occurs early in pregnancy in which the embryo adheres to the wall of uterus. • At this stage of prenatal development, the embryo is a blastocyst. • It is by this adhesion that the fetus receives the oxygen and the nutrients from the mother to be able to grow. 44

placenta • The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the

placenta • The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. • The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast which forms the outer layer of the placenta. 45

Pheromone • A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a

Pheromone • A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. • In 1970, Martha Mc. Clintock, a junior at Wellesley, noticed that women who live together or spend a lot of time with each other have converging(수렴되다) menstrual cycles. • She postulated that pheromones released from the women’s skin glands into the environment were the catalysts of the observed synchronization. That is, women’s unique chemicals affected the physiology of others. 46

Hormone • Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine (ductless) glands located in different

Hormone • Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine (ductless) glands located in different regions of the body which travel to target tissues where they have their effect. • A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. • Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. 47

Seasonal breeders • Seasonal breeders are animal species that successfully mate only during certain

Seasonal breeders • Seasonal breeders are animal species that successfully mate only during certain times of the year. These times of year allow for the births at a time optimal for the survival of the young in terms of factors such as ambient temperature, food and water availability, and even changes in the predation behaviors of other species. • Ambient 주변의 • Related sexual interest and behaviors are expressed and accepted only during this period. Female seasonal breeders will have one or more estrus cycles only when she is "in season" or fertile and receptive to mating. At other times of the year, they will be anestrus. 48

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a general term referring

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a general term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. It is reproductive technology used primarily in infertility treatments. • Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have enabled millions of people in the world to have biological children who otherwise would not have been able to do so. • According to the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology, more than three million babies have been born using ART worldwide in the last 30 years. 49

Genetics • Genetics is the study of the inheritance of characteristics. • The things

Genetics • Genetics is the study of the inheritance of characteristics. • The things that influence an organism's characteristics are external factors, such as the environment, internal factors, which are called genes, and their interactions. • Genes are made of DNA, or RNA in some viruses 51

Gregor Mendel • Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 29, 000

Gregor Mendel • Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 29, 000 pea plants. This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. • His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. • Mendel did read his paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization, at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia in 1865. When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn, it had little impact and was cited about three times over the next thirty-five years. 52

Why was Mendel so successful? • Preliminary investigations were carried out to obtain familiarity

Why was Mendel so successful? • Preliminary investigations were carried out to obtain familiarity with the experimental organism. • All experiments were carefully planned. • Meticulous care was taken in carrying out all techniques. • Accurate records were kept of all the results. • Sufficient data were obtained to have statistical significance. 53

What did Mendel conclude? • Inheritance is determined by factors passed on from one

What did Mendel conclude? • Inheritance is determined by factors passed on from one generation to another. • The ‘factors” that Mendel mentioned were the genes. • Mendel knew nothing about chromosomes, genes, or DNA. Why? • These terms hadn’t yet been defined. 54

DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions

DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. • The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. • The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information 55

Genetic Information • Gene – basic unit of genetic information. Genes determine the inherited

Genetic Information • Gene – basic unit of genetic information. Genes determine the inherited characters. • Genome – the collection of genetic information. • Chromosomes – storage units of genes. • DNA - is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life 56

Genotype & Phenotype • The phenotype is the physical appearance of the animal and

Genotype & Phenotype • The phenotype is the physical appearance of the animal and the genotype is the genetic make up of the animal. • Both the environment and the genetic make up affect the physical appearance of the animal. • The expression of a genotype is termed a phenotype. 57

What is a PUNNETT SQUARE? • A tool to predict the probability of certain

What is a PUNNETT SQUARE? • A tool to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring that shows the different ways alleles can combine • A way to show phenotype & genotype • A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result when genes are crossed 58

Haploid & Diploid • Haploid: containing one copy of each chromosome (n=23) Sperm B

Haploid & Diploid • Haploid: containing one copy of each chromosome (n=23) Sperm B Eggs b B BB Bb b • Diploid: containing two copies of each chromosome (2 n=46) Bb bb 59

Dominant vs. Recessive A dominant allele is expressed even if it is paired with

Dominant vs. Recessive A dominant allele is expressed even if it is paired with a recessive allele. A recessive allele is only visible when paired with another recessive allele. 60

Incomplete dominance • Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one

Incomplete dominance • Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a combined phenotype. • Co-dominance occurs when the contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype. In the ABO example, the IA and IB alleles are co-dominant in producing the AB blood group phenotype, in which both A- and B-type antigens are made 61

Sex-Linked Characteristics • Some traits are carried on only the X chromosome and some

Sex-Linked Characteristics • Some traits are carried on only the X chromosome and some on only the Y chromosome. – Traits on the Y chromosome are transmitted only from fathers to sons • Certain genes are expressed in only one sex although they are carried by both sexes – milk production – egg laying – rooster tail feathers • Sex-linked traits are often recessive and are covered by dominant genes 62

Epistatis 상위성 작용 • Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene

Epistatis 상위성 작용 • Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic, while the phenotype altered or suppressed is said to be hypostatic. • 하위의 epistatic 상위의 hypostatic. 하위의 • Epistasis can be contrasted with dominance, which is an interaction between alleles at the same gene locus. Epistasis is often studied in relation to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and polygenic inheritance. 63

Quantitative genetics • The study of continuous traits (such as height or weight) and

Quantitative genetics • The study of continuous traits (such as height or weight) and its underlying mechanisms. • It is an extension of simple Mendelian inheritance in that the combined effect of the many underlying genes results in a continuous distribution of phenotypic values. 64

Animal breeding • Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the

Animal breeding • Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of domestic livestock. Ø Address: 다루다, 주소, 연설 • Selecting animals for breeding with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production has revolutionized agricultural livestock production throughout the world. • The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics and statistics, and is based on the pioneering work of Sewall Wright, Jay Lush, and Charles Henderson. Ø Incorporates: 포함하다, 끼워 넣다, 통합하다, 회사로 만들다 Ø Pioneering: 개척의, 선구의 65

Additive & Non-additive Genetics § Additive • These are the genetic effects that get

Additive & Non-additive Genetics § Additive • These are the genetic effects that get passed from one generation to the next. • This is each gene’s influence independent of other genes and the environment. § Non-additive • There a group of genetic effects that are not independent of other effects • This group of genetic effects which influences a trait cannot be simply added together and thus the entire group is referred to as non-additive genetic effects. • These include such effects as dominance, genetic and environmental interactions. 66

Natural Selection • In nature, genetics are passed on through the process of natural

Natural Selection • In nature, genetics are passed on through the process of natural selection. • The strongest, healthiest, most powerful animal generally spreads its genetics. • Animals that are weak may have a poor immune system and are diseased, or may have conformation problems. • Generally these animals do not survive long enough to pass on their genetics. 67

Inbreeding • Production of progeny from closely related parents. Inbreeding increases the number of

Inbreeding • Production of progeny from closely related parents. Inbreeding increases the number of homozygous gene pairs and decreases the number of heterozygous gene pairs. • Inbreeding increases prepotency and the expression of undesirable recessive genes. 68

Gene Expression Control • All somatic cells in an organism are genetically identical –

Gene Expression Control • All somatic cells in an organism are genetically identical – Cells differentiate by gene expression • Gene expression is collectively controlled through transcriptional regulation – Main control: Gene transcribed into m. RNA – Additional controls: Posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational 69

Exon & intron An exon is a DNA region within a gene that is

Exon & intron An exon is a DNA region within a gene that is translated into protein. An intron is a DNA region within a gene that is not translated into protein. 70

Transcription & translation • DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of

Transcription & translation • DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. • Translation is the first stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). Translation is the production of proteins by decoding m. RNA produced in transcription. • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located. • Many types of transcribed RNA, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA are not necessarily translated into an amino acid sequence. 71

Central dogma • The central dogma of molecular biology was first used by Francis

Central dogma • The central dogma of molecular biology was first used by Francis Crick in 1958 and restated in a Nature paper published in 1970. • The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed transfer of sequential information. • It states that information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. • In other words, 'once information gets into protein, it can't flow back to nucleic acid. ' 72

DNA repair • DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a

DNA repair • DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and Radiation cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. • Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. • Consequently, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure. 73

Genetic engineering • Since genetic engineering refers essentially to the in vitro manipulation of

Genetic engineering • Since genetic engineering refers essentially to the in vitro manipulation of DNA, its application requires the ability to chemically isolate DNA from organisms. • This is accomplished in three slightly different ways depending on the desired product. 74

Plasmid • A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA

Plasmid • A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. • In many cases, it is circular and doublestranded. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria. 75

Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA is a form of DNA that does not exist

Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA is a form of DNA that does not exist naturally, which is created by combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together. • In terms of genetic modification, recombinant DNA (r. DNA) is introduced through the addition of relevant DNA into an existing organismal DNA, such as the plasmids of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic resistance. • It differs from genetic recombination, in that it does not occur through processes within the cell, but is engineered. A recombinant protein is protein that is derived from recombinant DNA. 76

DNA sequencing • The term DNA sequencing refers to sequencing methods for determining the

DNA sequencing • The term DNA sequencing refers to sequencing methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA. • Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, other research branches utilizing DNA sequencing, and in numerous applied fields such as diagnostic, or biotechnology. • The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of the human genome. 77

  DNA Cloning DNA cloning involves separating a specific gene or segment of DNA

  DNA Cloning DNA cloning involves separating a specific gene or segment of DNA from its larger chromosome and attaching it to a small molecule of carrier DNA, then replicating this modified DNA thousands or even millions of times. 78

PCR • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique in molecular biology to

PCR • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Ø Order: 순서, 명령, orders of magnitude: 자 릿수 • The method relies on thermal cycling, consisting of cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of the DNA. 79

Marker • A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known

Marker • A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait. • It can be described as a variation, which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci, that can be observed. • A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single basepair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites. 80

Biotechnology • Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of

Biotechnology • Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. • Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose. • Modern use of similar terms includes genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. 81

IVF • In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are

IVF • In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the womb, in vitro. IVF is a major treatment in infertility when other methods of assisted reproductive technology have failed. • The process involves hormonally controlling the ovulatory process, removing ova (eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a fluid medium. The fertilised egg (zygote) is then transferred to the patient's uterus with the intent to establish a successful pregnancy. • The first successful birth of a "test tube baby", Louise Brown, occurred in 1978. Before that, there was a transient biochemical pregnancy reported by Australian Foxton School researchers in 1973 and an ectopic pregnancy reported by Steptoe and Edwards in 1976. 82

parthenogenesis • Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth

parthenogenesis • Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male. • In plants, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis. (무수정 생식) • Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some invertebrate animal species and vertebrates (e. g. some reptiles, fish, and very rarely birds and sharks) and this type of reproduction has been induced artificially in other species 83

chimera • A chimera is an animal that has two or more different populations

chimera • A chimera is an animal that has two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated in different zygotes involved with sexual reproduction; if the different cells emerged from the same zygote, it is called a mosaicism. • Chimeras are formed from four parent cells (two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together). Each population of cells keeps its own character and the resulting animal is a mixture of tissues 84

Nuclear Transfer • Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing

Nuclear Transfer • Nuclear Transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilized egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. • In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory technique for creating a clonal embryo, using an ovum with a donor nucleus 85

transgenesis • Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene – called a

transgenesis • Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene – called a transgene – into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring. • Transgenesis can be facilitated by liposomes, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear injection, protoplast fusion, and DNA injection. • Transgenic organisms are able to express foreign genes because the genetic code is similar for all organisms. This means that a specific DNA sequence will code for the same protein in all organisms. 86

GMO • A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an

GMO • A genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. • These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes. • This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it modified or novel genes. 87

Agriculture • Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and

Agriculture • Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. • Forestry: 임학, 삼림 관리 • Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i. e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. • Husbandry: 농사, 살림살이 • stratified society: 계층화된 사회 • The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. 89

Livestock • Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally) to a

Livestock • Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally) to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to make produce such as food or fibre, or for its labor. The term generally does not include poultry or farmed fish. • agricultural setting 농경지 produce 농산물 • A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk—mostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, sheep, horses or camels —for human consumption. 90

Critical period • In general, a critical period is a limited time in which

Critical period • In general, a critical period is a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation. • A "critical period" in developmental psychology and developmental biology is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. • If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life. 91

Bermuda Triangle • The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a

Bermuda Triangle • The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface vessels (수면 선박) allegedly disappeared mysteriously. • Atlantic대서양의, pacific: 태평양의 • Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were inaccurately reported or embellished(장식하다) by later authors, and numerous official agencies have stated that the number and nature of disappearances in the region is similar to that in any other area of ocean. 92

Greenhouse gases • Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit

Greenhouse gases • Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. • The main greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. • Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33°C (59°F) colder than at present. [ 93

HACCP • Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a systematic preventive approach to

HACCP • Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety and pharmaceutical safety that addresses physical, chemical, and biological hazards as a means of prevention rather than finished product inspection. • HACCP is used in the food industry to identify potential food safety hazards, so that key actions, known as Critical Control Points (CCPs) can be taken to reduce or eliminate the risk of the hazards being realized. • The system is used at all stages of food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. 94

FTA • Free trade area is a type of trade bloc, a designated group

FTA • Free trade area is a type of trade bloc, a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs, quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them. • It can be considered the second stage of economic integration. Countries choose this kind of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary. If they are competitive, they will choose customs union. • Free Trade Agreement, 자유 무역협정 • Bloc= a group of countries=연합, Tariff= 관세, Preference: 선호, 특혜, 우선권, Quota=할당량 95

MOU • A memorandum of understanding (MOU or Mo. U) is a document describing

MOU • A memorandum of understanding (MOU or Mo. U) is a document describing a bilateral or multilateral agreement between parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. • It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally enforceable agreement. It is a more formal alternative to a gentlemen's agreement. 96

Penicillin • In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already

Penicillin • In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for the 20 th century. • chance discovery: 우연한 발견 be credited with: 인정되다 • The introduction of penicillin in the 1940 s, which opened up the era of antibiotics, has been recognized as one of the greatest advances in therapeutics. This dramatic medical breakthrough was a result of combined efforts in the United Kingdom and the United States. • Therapeutics : 치료학, Breakthrough: 극복, 타계 97

Stem cells • Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that

Stem cells • Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can selfrenew to produce more stem cells. • In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. 98

Brave new world • Brave New World is Aldous Huxley's fifth novel, written in

Brave new world • Brave New World is Aldous Huxley's fifth novel, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Set in London of AD 2540, the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleeplearning (수면학습) that combine (결합시키다 )to change society. • The future society is an embodiment(상징) of the ideals that form the basis of futurology. (미래학) Huxley answered this book with a reassessment in an essay, Brave New World Revisited (1958), summarized below, and with his final work, a novel titled Island (1962). • In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its list of the 100 best Englishlanguage novels of the 20 th century. 99

2010 Nobel Prize (2010. 12) • Robert Edwards is awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize

2010 Nobel Prize (2010. 12) • Robert Edwards is awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. His achievements have made it possible to treat infertility, a medical condition afflicting (괴롭히다)a large proportion of humanity including more than 10% of all couples worldwide. • As early as the 1950 s, Edwards had the vision that IVF could be useful as a treatment for infertility. He worked systematically to realize his goal, discovered important principles for human fertilization, and succeeded in accomplishing fertilization of human egg cells in test tubes (or more precisely, cell culture dishes). • His efforts were finally crowned by success on 25 July, 1978, when the world's first "test tube baby" was born. During the following years, Edwards and his co-workers refined IVF technology and shared it with colleagues around the world. 100

Dolly • Wilmut was the leader of the research group that in 1996 first

Dolly • Wilmut was the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a lamb named Dolly. • "Dolly was a bonus, sometimes when scientists work hard, they also get lucky, and that's what happened. ” —Ian Wilmut, quoted in Time • However, in 2008 Wilmut announced that he is to abandon the technique of nuclear transfer by which Dolly was created in favour of an alternative technique developed by Shinya Yamanaka. 101

Dolly Rebecca Parton • Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American

Dolly Rebecca Parton • Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, author, multi-instrumentalist, actress and philanthropist(자선가), best-known for her work in country music. • 'The Queen of Country Music‘, with twenty-five number-one singles(싱글앨범 ), and a record forty-one top-10 country albums. 102

Dame Vera • On 13 th September 2009, Dame Vera became the oldest living

Dame Vera • On 13 th September 2009, Dame Vera became the oldest living artist to make it into No. 1 in the UK album chart, at the age of 92. • Her collection We'll Meet Again: The Very Best of Vera Lynn entered the chart at number 20 on 30 th August, and then climbed to number 2 the following week, before reaching the top position. • In doing this, she beat out the re-mastered Beatles' album of songs. In its third week the album went gold with sales of over 100, 000. 103

Ban Ki-moon (NY times; 2011. 6) • In June 2011, the White House endorsed(지지하다)

Ban Ki-moon (NY times; 2011. 6) • In June 2011, the White House endorsed(지지하다) Mr. Ban for a second term helping assure(확신하다) his reelection. • Mr. Ban, a former foreign minister for South Korea, has led the United Nations through crises involving Libya and Ivory Coast. • ''You could say that I am a man on a mission, and my mission could be dubbed(부르다) 'Operation Restore Trust': trust in the organization, and trust between member states and the Secretariat(사무국), '' Mr. Ban said when he took over the position. ''I hope this mission is not 'Mission: Impossible. ' '' 104

Bill Gates(Times, 2011. 7) • Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft who has morphed(변하다)

Bill Gates(Times, 2011. 7) • Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft who has morphed(변하다) into the world's best-known philanthropist(자선가), wants to reinvent the toilet. • This next big idea for the good(이익) of mankind will now also be getting help from German taxpayers after Development Minister Dirk Niebel earmarked ( 배정하다) $10 million for a joint project with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Over the next five years, this project aims to provide 800, 000 people in Kenya with access to sanitation facilities and ensure clean drinking water for 200, 000. • The goal is to find "innovative solutions" for sanitation in poor urban areas. Gates says it's time to move on from the era of the classic toilet. 105

Billboard K-Pop (2011. 8) • "The launch of the Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 chart

Billboard K-Pop (2011. 8) • "The launch of the Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 chart is a milestone event, as it will provide the Korean music market with what we believe is Korea's most accurate and relevant song ranking, " says Silvio Pietroluongo, Billboard's Director of Charts. • "We're excited to be expanding Billboard's globally recognized Hot 100 chart franchise into this country, and look forward to enhancing the K-Pop Hot 100 chart in the near future with additional data as well as creating new charts that showcase the breadth of Korean music. “ Ø Launch 시작, milestone 이정표, relevant 의미 있는 Ø chart 도표, enhance 향상시키다 Ø franchise 독점판매권, showcase 선보이다 106

ANDi(Nature지) • Following genetically modified bacteria, plants and mice, US researchers have now made

ANDi(Nature지) • Following genetically modified bacteria, plants and mice, US researchers have now made the first modified monkey. • The three-month old animal carries only a useless 'marker' gene, but his creators believe that introducing specific human genes into monkeys could speed new treatments for conditions including breast cancer and diabetes • The rhesus monkey, named ANDi ("inserted DNA" backwards), received the extra DNA while still an unfertilized egg. 107

Steve Jobs • Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American

Steve Jobs • Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American business magnate(거물, 큰손) and inventor. He is co-founder, chairman, and former chief executive officer of Apple Inc. • On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple's CEO. • In his letter of resignation, Jobs strongly recommended that the Apple executive succession plan be followed and Tim Cook be named as his successor. • According to the Wall Street Journal, Steve Jobs had a liver transplant in 2009, in Tennessee. 108

Harvard University • Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located

Harvard University • Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. • Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18 th century and by the 19 th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. • As of 2010, Harvard employs about 2, 100 faculty to teach and advise approximately 6, 700 undergraduates and 14, 500 graduate and professional students. Eight U. S. presidents have been graduates, and 75 Nobel Laureates have been student, faculty, or staff affiliates. • Legislature 입법부 Secular세속적인 laureate수상자 affiliates 연계 109

Yellowstone National Park • Yellowstone National Park , established by the U. S. Congress

Yellowstone National Park • Yellowstone National Park , established by the U. S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in the U. S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is dominant. • Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3, 468. 4 square miles (8, 983 km 2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The Yellowstone Park Bison Herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. • Wildlife 야생동물, Subalpine아고산대(亞高山帶)의, comprise 구성하다, canyon협곡, bison들소 110

Ki Bo-bae wins gold in women’s archery(Korea Herald, 2012. 8) • Ki Bo-bae won

Ki Bo-bae wins gold in women’s archery(Korea Herald, 2012. 8) • Ki Bo-bae won the gold in women's individual archery Thursday at the London Olympics. Ki beat Aida Roman of Mexico in the final. • South Korea has now won seven of the past eight Olympic gold medals in the women's individual archery. • After the two ended the regulation all tied at the set score of 5 -5, both archers shot an 8 in the one-arrow shoot-off. But Ki was declared the champion because her shot was closer to the center of the target. • Ki also became the first double gold medalist for South Korea in London. She helped the country win the team gold medal earlier. • Archery 활쏘기, 양궁 archer궁수 regulation 정규시합, 규정 111

Gymnast Yang Hak-seon takes gold in men's vault (Korea Times, 2012. 8) • Korean

Gymnast Yang Hak-seon takes gold in men's vault (Korea Times, 2012. 8) • Korean gymnast Yang Hak-seon won the gold medal in men's vault Monday at the London Olympics. • Yang posted an average score of 16. 533 points after two vault attempts in the final at the North Greenwich Arena. • In his first try, Yang successfully pulled off his signature move called "The Yang Hak-seon, " a tripletwisting handspring front somersault that he nailed to win the 2011 world championships in Tokyo. • Yang earned 16. 466 points this time, despite slipping a bit on the landing. • Vault 도마, 도약하다 pull off 성사시키다 nail 고정시 키다 • handspring 공중돌기 재주넘기 somersault 공중제비 112

Communication 113

Communication 113

인사 및 자기 소개 • 인사, 자신의 이름, 소속 및 직책을 간단하게 소개 Ø

인사 및 자기 소개 • 인사, 자신의 이름, 소속 및 직책을 간단하게 소개 Ø Good morning Ladies & gentlemen Ø I would like to introduce myself. Ø My name is J. K. Kim, Ø General manager, working for Samsung electronics 115

소개한 사람에 대한 인사 Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you very much, Professor Smith.

소개한 사람에 대한 인사 Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you very much, Professor Smith. Thank you very much indeed, Dr. Smith. Thank you for introducing me, John. I'd like to say thank you for your generous introduction, Dr. Smith. 116

호칭 • Ladies & gentlemen! • (Dear my ) friends, colleges, fellow members !

호칭 • Ladies & gentlemen! • (Dear my ) friends, colleges, fellow members ! • Distinguished guests! • Mr. / Madam president! • Mr. / Madam chairman! • Dr. Homes, Ladies & gentlemen! • Mr. Kim, Mrs. Chang, distinguished members & guest! 117

발표자 소개 • Let me start by saying just a few words about myself.

발표자 소개 • Let me start by saying just a few words about myself. • I’d like to briefly introduce my self to you first • My name is Tony Kim. • I am the new marketing manager for Samsung electronics. • I work in the marketing department. • I am in charge of marketing department. • I am responsible for product design. • I am the head of product design. 118

첫인사법, 초대강연의 인사 I I I am am am glad to ~ happy to

첫인사법, 초대강연의 인사 I I I am am am glad to ~ happy to ~ pleased to ~ delighted to ~ privileged to ~ It's an honor to ~ It's a pleasure to ~ It's a privilege to ~ 119

발표 제목, 목적, 목차를 소개 • Today / This morning / This afternoon •

발표 제목, 목적, 목차를 소개 • Today / This morning / This afternoon • I am going to talk about “ Recent trend on animal biotechnolgy” • The topic/title of my presentation is --- • The subject of this talk is --- • The purpose is / I am here today • First thing I want to say today is --- • Second • Last 120

개요나 요지 알리기 • I’ve divide my presentation into 3 parts. • The subject

개요나 요지 알리기 • I’ve divide my presentation into 3 parts. • The subject can be looked at under the following headings. • My talk will be in 3 parts followed by a 30 -minute discussion. Ø First Ø Second Ø Third Ø Finally 121

발표할 내용의 개요를 말하기 I'll be speaking about ~ I'm going to give a

발표할 내용의 개요를 말하기 I'll be speaking about ~ I'm going to give a talk on ~ I'd I'd I'd like like to to to talk to you about ~ present ~ review ~ cover ~ focus on ~ It's my purpose to ~ It's my intention to ~ My My point is to ~ topic will deal with ~ purpose is to ~ discussion on ~ is to ~ 122

슬라이드에 대한 설명 1 shows ~ demonstrates illustrates ~ answers ~ classifies ~ This

슬라이드에 대한 설명 1 shows ~ demonstrates illustrates ~ answers ~ classifies ~ This slide displays ~ indicates ~ ~ Slide, please. Next, please. May I have the first slide, please? 123

슬라이드에 대한 설명 2 As you see, ~ You see that, ~ We have

슬라이드에 대한 설명 2 As you see, ~ You see that, ~ We have ~ here. As demonstrated here, ~ I'd like to show you, ~ To begin with ~ Let me start with ~ First of all I would like to start with 124

주장하는 점을 표현하기 최초의 주장점 First, The first remark is that ~ First of

주장하는 점을 표현하기 최초의 주장점 First, The first remark is that ~ First of all, The first comment is related to ~ In the first place, The first point is connected with ~ The first remark is that it's possible to solve the problem by using a heuristic search. The first point I'd like make about information theory is that we developed a new method of encryption. The first point is concerned with the improvement of numerically controlled machine tools. The first comment is related to the recent achievement of machine translation systems. 125

그래프의 표현법 변화의 범위 rise from ~ to ~ fall from ~ to ~

그래프의 표현법 변화의 범위 rise from ~ to ~ fall from ~ to ~ vary from ~ to ~ range from ~ to ~ change from ~ to ~ The resistance rose from 10 kΩ to 12 kΩ. The capacitance fell from 12 μF to 10 μF. The diameter of atoms varies from 1× 10 -10 to 5× 10 -10 m. Wavelengths of visible spectrum range from 700 nanometers at the red end to 400 nanometers at the violet end. In changing from one musical note to another an octave above, the frequency is doubled. 126

단위를 읽는 방법 3 m 10 cm 5 mm 60 km 4 μm 3.

단위를 읽는 방법 3 m 10 cm 5 mm 60 km 4 μm 3. 3 m 2 10 m 3 50 km/h three meters ten centimeters five millimeters sixty kilometers four micrometers three point three square meters three point three meters squared ten cubic meters ten meters cubed fifty kilometers per hour 127

크기의 표현 That box is 1 m high. That box has a height of

크기의 표현 That box is 1 m high. That box has a height of 1 m. The height of that box is 1 m. The piece is 12 cm long. It has a length of 12 cm. The length of the piece is 12 cm. The circle has a radius of 2 cm. It has a circumference of 4 cm. It has an area of 4 cm 2 The diameter of this circle is 4 cm. 128

연산식의 표현 5+6 12 - 4 3 4 5 3 32 33 34 five

연산식의 표현 5+6 12 - 4 3 4 5 3 32 33 34 five plus six twelve minus four three times four three multiplied by four three fours five divided by three squared three cubed three to the power four three to the fourth power three to the fourth three to the four 129

수식의 대소 표현 x>y x y x+2>0 y< z x y x-2<4 0<x<2 0

수식의 대소 표현 x>y x y x+2>0 y< z x y x-2<4 0<x<2 0 x 2 x is greater than y. x is more than y. x is greater than y or equal to y. x plus two is greater than zero. x plus two is more than zero. y is less than z. y is smaller than z. x is less than y or equal to y. x minus two is less than four. x minus two is smaller than four. Zero is less than x which is less than two. Zero is less than or equal to x which is less than or equal to two. 130

이유로부터 결과 Because Since + 이유, As 결과. 비교의 표현법 X be roughly the

이유로부터 결과 Because Since + 이유, As 결과. 비교의 표현법 X be roughly the same as be similar to Y. be like 131

비교의 표현법 X differ from be different from be distinguished from contrast with be

비교의 표현법 X differ from be different from be distinguished from contrast with be in contrast to be related to ~ be associated with ~ be concerned with ~ be regarded as ~ be connected with ~ correspond to ~ be represented as ~ be known as ~ Y. 132

비교의 표현법 X X depend on (upon) be dependent on depending on be independent

비교의 표현법 X X depend on (upon) be dependent on depending on be independent of Y. can be able to be capable of Y. have the ability to have the capacity to 133

의견의 표현법 의견 Personally, My opinion is that ~ It's my view that ~

의견의 표현법 의견 Personally, My opinion is that ~ It's my view that ~ It's my opinion that ~ It's my understanding that ~ In my view, In my opinion, I base my opinion on ~ 134

예시의 표현법 for example for instance for one thing as follows as proof of

예시의 표현법 for example for instance for one thing as follows as proof of that as an illustration according to statistics according to statistical evidence 135

요 약 in short in brief in summary eventually on the whole to sum

요 약 in short in brief in summary eventually on the whole to sum up to review briefly to be brief 136

마무리하기 Let me summarize that ~. Finally, we conclude that ~. I'd like to

마무리하기 Let me summarize that ~. Finally, we conclude that ~. I'd like to make some conclusions. I'd like to summarize my talk. In conclusion we can say that ~. So to conclude, ~. 마지막 인사 Thank you for your patience. Thank you very much indeed for your kind attention. Thank you very much for your indulgence. I'd like to thank you for your endurance. 137

자기소개 순서 • Ø Ø • Ø 시작 I am honored to be here

자기소개 순서 • Ø Ø • Ø 시작 I am honored to be here for an interview. 학교, 전공 I am a senior in politics at Seoul university. I majored in biotechnology with a minor in animal science. 성격 I can work well with others. I have a good sense of humor. I have good communication skills. 경력 I have 4 years of experience with computers. I specialize in innovative biotechnology. 포부 Five years from now, I might be a software developer or a systems analyst. 140

면접 시 인사/소개 • Good morning. My name is -- • First of all,

면접 시 인사/소개 • Good morning. My name is -- • First of all, thank you for inviting me for an interview. • I am honored to be here for an interview. • I am applying for a secretary position. • I am a senior in politics at --- university. • I majored in biotechnology with a minor in animal science. • I double-majored in English & Japanese. 141

Common Interview Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tell me about yourself Why should

Common Interview Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tell me about yourself Why should we hire you? What is your greatest strength ? What is your greatest weakness? Where do you want to be in 5 years? 10 years? 6. What kind of qualifications do you have? 7. What kind of salary do you need? 8. How long would you expect to work for us if hired? 9. What questions do you have for me? 143

Tell me about yourself • I have a brother and two sisters, and I

Tell me about yourself • I have a brother and two sisters, and I am the youngest daughter. I grew up in Daegu until I moved to Seoul for college education. • I graduated from OO University last year, majoring in library science. While I was in college, I had a chance to work as a librarian on campus for two years. • I am currently working in a city library as I look for full-time employment. 144

자기소개 • • 표현 My name is ---. I am-- years old. I live

자기소개 • • 표현 My name is ---. I am-- years old. I live in ----. I like ---. (If countable, then plural. ) I don't like (If countable, then plural. ) My hobby is----. My favorite food is ----. (If countable, then plural. ) 145

자기 소개(계속) • I will be graduating with a BS degree from HK university.

자기 소개(계속) • I will be graduating with a BS degree from HK university. • I completed a MS degree in 2006 with a major in statistics. • I have been to Japan for a language exchange programme. • I have taken several courses on finance. • I am very familiar with gene mapping. • I would like to use this opportunity to discuss my potential contribution to your company. • Thank you for inviting me today for an interview. 146

자기 소개(계속) • I will b e graduating with a BA degree from Daehan

자기 소개(계속) • I will b e graduating with a BA degree from Daehan University. 저는 대한대학교에서 문학사 학위로 졸업할 예정입니다. • I’m expecting an MBA degree from Hankook University. 저는 한국대 MBA 학위를 곧 수여받을 예정입니다. ★ Be expecting ~을 예상하다, ~할 예정이다. • I completed / finished a BS degree in 2006 with a major in civil engineering and a minor in statistics. 저는 2006년에 토목공학과 전공, 통계학 부전공으로 이학사 학위를 취득했습니다. 149

자기 소개(계속) • • I was trained as an experienced chef at Paragon. 저는

자기 소개(계속) • • I was trained as an experienced chef at Paragon. 저는 파라곤에서 경험 있는 요리사로서 교육을 받았습니다. As a president, I was in charge of our club’s weekly meetings. 동아리 대표로서 저는 동아리의 주간 회의를 담당했습니다. I was an excellent research assistant of professors in the Department of Economics. 저는 경제학부 교수님들의 훌륭한 보조 연구원이었습니다. I was a devoted member of the photo club. 저는 사진동아리의 헌신적인 일원이었습니다. I have academic experience in my major. 저는 제 전공 분야에 다양한 연구 경험이 있습니다. I was a secretary of the presentation club. 저는 프레젠테이션 동아리 총무였습니다. I have gained practical skills in leading people through that position. 저는 그 직책을 통해 사람들을 통솔하는 실질적인 기술을 습득했습니다 151

지원부서 • I’m appying for a secretary position at XT Corporate. XT 사의 비서

지원부서 • I’m appying for a secretary position at XT Corporate. XT 사의 비서 직책에 지원합니다. • I’m one of the candidates for a position in the Marketing Department. 저는 마케팅부 지원자 중 한 사람입니다. • I’m interested in the accounting position at your company. 귀사의 회계 부문에 관심을 갖고 있습니다. 152

Why should we hire you? • I think you should hire me because I

Why should we hire you? • I think you should hire me because I have the enthusiasm and skills you need in this marketing support position. • My technical skills exactly match the requirements as I've been using your software in my job. Also my interpersonal skills are strong as a result of my student government experience. • As you must have seen on my resume, I have three years of homepage production experience while I was in school. • With my experience and educational background, I know I can contribute to your team. 153

What is your greatest strength? • • • My key strengths lie in /are--I

What is your greatest strength? • • • My key strengths lie in /are--I am very hard working/ decisive. (결단력이 있는) I can work well with others. I have a good sense of humor. I’m a fast learner. I'm a quick learner in learning languages, but my computer experience is somewhat limited. However, I recently took a weeklong training program on using the MAC and I'm looking forward to building on the skills I learned. 156

What is your greatest weakness? • • • My weakness is that I can’t

What is your greatest weakness? • • • My weakness is that I can’t easily say no. I work too hard. I’m a perfectionist. My weak point is --My weakness is that I usually take too much time before making any decision. But once I make a decision, I don't look back but push for what I have decided 160

단점 • • To tell you the truth, I’m a bit too laid-back. 솔직히

단점 • • To tell you the truth, I’m a bit too laid-back. 솔직히 말씀 드리면 좀 너무 낙천적입니다. I must admit that I am a bit of workaholic. 약간은 일 중독자라는 점을 인정하지 않을 수 없습니다. I am afraid that I do not have experience and skills directly related to this job. 말씀 드리기 좀 그렇습니다만 이 작업과 직접적으로 관련된 경험이 없습니 다. I’m afraid that I am not so good with EXCEL. 말씀 드리기 좀 그렇습니다만 저는 엑셀을 다루는 것이 좀 미숙합니다. My weakness is that I can’t easily say no. 제 약점은 쉽게 거절하지 못한다는 것입니다. My weak point is that I pursue perfection in everything I do. 제 단점은 하는 모든 일에 완벽을 추구하는 것입니다. One of my shortcoming is that I am a little bit conservative. 제 단점 중 하나는 제가 조금 보수적이라는 것입니다. ★ Shortcoming 단점 161

Where do you want to be in 5 years? 10 years? • Five years

Where do you want to be in 5 years? 10 years? • Five years seems like a long time. I can see myself as a programming analyst in two years. • Five years from now, I might be a software developer or a systems analyst. • In 5 years, --- • I won't know which direction I want to take until I've been in the field for a while. • My ultimate dream is to be a trade specialist. 162

5 -10년 후 자기모습 • In five years, I can see myself being promoted

5 -10년 후 자기모습 • In five years, I can see myself being promoted to a position in which I manage and lead people. 5년 안에 저는 사람들을 관리하고 이끄는 자리로 승진할 수 있으리 라 생각합니다. • In the very short term, I’d like to find a position and a project that fit well with my interest and skills. 아주 단기적인 관점에서 제 관심과 능력에 부합되는 직책과 프로젝 트를 찾고 싶습니다. • Within the next five years, I will have obtained an MBA in order to become a more competitive manager at your company. 향후 5년 안에 귀사에서 좀 더 경쟁력 있는 관리자가 되기 위해 MBA 를 취득할 예정입니다. 163

단기 목표 • My short-term goal is to become a competent consultant. 제 단기

단기 목표 • My short-term goal is to become a competent consultant. 제 단기 목표는 유능한 컨설턴트가 되는 것입니다. • My short-term goal is to streamline in-house recruiting function. 제 단기 목표는 사내 채용 구조를 합리화하는 것입니다. ★ Streamline 합리화하다 / in-house사내의 • My short-term goal is to complete a Master’s degree in communications, which will help me understand media work better. 제 단기 목표는 미디어 업무를 잘 이해할 수 있도록 해 주는 커뮤니케이션 석사 학위를 마치는 것입니다 164

장기적인 목표 • My ultimate dream is to be a trade specialist. 제 궁극적인

장기적인 목표 • My ultimate dream is to be a trade specialist. 제 궁극적인 목표는 무역 전문가가 되는 것입니다. • My long-range goal includes running my own consulting firm. 제 장기 목표는 제 컨설팅 회사를 운영하는 것을 포합합니다. • My long-term plan is to be in a leading position at this company. 제 장기 계획은 이 회사의 임원급 직책을 맡는 것입니다. • In 10 years, I would like to obtain a great scope of leadership skills. 10년 안에 다양한 범위의 리더십 기술을 습득하고 싶습니다. • Ten years from now, I will have mastered Chinese as an expert in Chinese market trends. 지금으로부터 10년 후 중국 시장 동향 분야의 전문가로 중국어를 완 벽히 구사하겠습니다. • Within the next 10 years, I will be a specialist in marketing. 지금으로부터 10년 후 마케팅 분야의 전문가가 될 것입니다. 165

회사 에 대한 지식 • You are a pioneer in the artificial intelligence technology.

회사 에 대한 지식 • You are a pioneer in the artificial intelligence technology. 귀사는 인공 지능 기술 분야의 개척자입니다. • Your company is the uncontested leader in the electronics industry. 귀사는 전자제품 분야에서 타의 추종을 불허하는 선두 주자입니다. • Your company is the unprecedented challenger in the LCD industry. 귀사는 LCD 분야의 선례가 없었던 도전자입니다. 166

지원 동기 • During the research of your company, I came to realize that

지원 동기 • During the research of your company, I came to realize that this is the place I want to work for. 회사에 대한 조사를 하다가 저는 이 회사에서 일하고 싶다는 생각이 들었습니다. • I was so impressed with the fact that your company has become a world leader in the computer software industry. 귀사가 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 분야의 세계적 리더가 되었다는 사실이 매우 인상적이었습니다. • I deeply respect your company’s dedication to improving the IT industry in Korea. 귀사가 한국 IT 분야 발전에 헌신하는 점을 정말 존경합니다. ★ Dedication to + 명사 / 동명사 ~ 에 관한 헌신 167

What kind of salary do you need? • Considering my previous work experience, I

What kind of salary do you need? • Considering my previous work experience, I deserve an annual income of around 30 -35 million won. • I used to got paid around 40 million won annually. However, it is negotiable. • What I do is much more important for me than what I will be making at your company. • As for the salary, I am willing to accept what you are willing to offer as long as it is within a reasonable market price range. 168

연봉협상 • Considering my previous work experience, I think I deserve an annual income

연봉협상 • Considering my previous work experience, I think I deserve an annual income of around 30 to 35 million Won. 이전 경력을 고려하면 3000에서 3500만원의 연봉을 받을 만하다고 생각합니다. • Owing to my multi-language skills, I believe I deserve around 2 to 3 million won a month. 제 다국어 언어 실력을 고려할 때 월 200에서 300만원 정도 받을 만하다고 생각합니다. • I used to get paid around 40 million won annually. 저는 4천 만원 정도의 연봉을 받았습니다. • I’m hoping to start at around 2. 8 million won per year. 저는 연봉 2천 8백만원 정도에서 시작하고 싶습니다. 169

연봉협상 • My expected starting salary range is anywhere between 2 and 2. 5

연봉협상 • My expected starting salary range is anywhere between 2 and 2. 5 million won per month. 제가 예상하고 있는 초봉 급여 범위는 월 200에 서 250만원 정도입니다. • However, it is negotiable. 하지만 협상 가능합니다. • For now, money is not my priority but work is. 현재 저에게 돈이 아니라 일이 최우선입니다. 170

What kind of qualifications do you have? • I majored in business, so I'm

What kind of qualifications do you have? • I majored in business, so I'm familiar with writing business letters and conducting business negotiations. • I have a lot of experience with computers. • I have taken accounting classes, and I’m good at math. 171

자격증 • I have acquired a CPA. 저는 회계사 자격증을 취득했습니다. • I have

자격증 • I have acquired a CPA. 저는 회계사 자격증을 취득했습니다. • I have taken several courses on financial planning. 저는 재무설계에 관련된 몇 가지 과정을 이수했습니다. • I have passed the international certificate for engineer electricity. 저는 전기기사 국제 전문자격증에 통과했습니다. • I have obtained presentation skills from my previous work. 지난번 직장 업무로 프레젠테이션 기술을 습득했습니다. 172

How long would you expect to work for us if hired? • I'd like

How long would you expect to work for us if hired? • I'd like to work here as long as possible. And I want to continue to work after getting married. 173

Thank you letter • Dear Mr. Kim: • This is to express my appreciation

Thank you letter • Dear Mr. Kim: • This is to express my appreciation for your courtesy in granting me an interview yesterday for that position. • During our interview I came to see exactly what you are looking for. • I am very interested in your company & I am looking forward to hearing from you further. • Thank you again for your time & consideration. • Sincerely yours, • Jung Lee 175

처음 만나는 사람과의 대화 • • • Hello. Nice to meet you. Allow me

처음 만나는 사람과의 대화 • • • Hello. Nice to meet you. Allow me to introduce myself. How are you doing? What’s up? Anything new? Is this your first time visiting Korea? How was your trip? Korea is a nice place to live in. What is your first impression about Korea? What do you think about Korea? I don’t speak English very well. 176

식사초대 • • • Do you want to come over to my place for

식사초대 • • • Do you want to come over to my place for dinner. Where do you want to go for entertainment? I’ll meet at the front desk at 7 PM. What type of food would you like to eat? Do you want to eat Korean food? How was the dinner? Did you enjoy the dinner? The meal was great. I really enjoy the meal. I’ll pay for the dinner. Dinner’s on me. 177

약 속 • This is my business card. • Feel free to contact me

약 속 • This is my business card. • Feel free to contact me if you have any problem. • If you have any problem, contact me. • Can I ask you a personal question? • How about you come to my office at 10 AM? • Meet me at my office at 10 AM sharp. 178

소 개 • • I would like to introduce you to my boss. This

소 개 • • I would like to introduce you to my boss. This is Mr. Park, my boss. You must be Dr. Jung. (정 박사님 이시죠) Make yourself comfortable. (편히 앉으셔요) Thank you for visiting. Take care and good luck on everything. This is a gift for you for all your hard work. 179

작 별 • • • Do you need a ride to the airport? I

작 별 • • • Do you need a ride to the airport? I can drop you off at the airport at 5 PM. Thank you for everything. See you in 2 months in Paris. Have a safe trip. Take care of yourself, my friend. (몸조심하셔요) 180

Writing 181

Writing 181

영문 서신 작성 • • • 일반서신 Business letter 이력서, Cover letter 추천서 E-mail,

영문 서신 작성 • • • 일반서신 Business letter 이력서, Cover letter 추천서 E-mail, memo 182

영문편지의 구성 • • Heading(발신자의 주소, 날짜) Inside address(수신인의 주소 성명) Salutation(서두 인사) Body

영문편지의 구성 • • Heading(발신자의 주소, 날짜) Inside address(수신인의 주소 성명) Salutation(서두 인사) Body of letter(본문) Complimentary close(마무리글) Signature(서명) Postscript(추신) 183

heading Dear Phil, 311 East Duke Street Stanley, N. C. 28164 August 15, 2012

heading Dear Phil, 311 East Duke Street Stanley, N. C. 28164 August 15, 2012 body greeting How has your summer been? Not too hot I hope. Did you get to visit your grandparents? Did you go on your trip to Toronto as you had hoped? They say Toronto is a beautiful city? This is my second season at Camp Bellaire. I just passed my swimming test. Now I can swim out to the raft and also use the boats. To pass I had to jump into the water with my clothes on (as if I had just fallen out of a boat). Then I had to take them off down to my trunks, even my shoes and socks, and finally swim back to shore. It was tough, but I did it! I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. There is lots of news to catch up on! closing Sincerely yours, signature Mike 184

Resume(이력서)의 구성 • • • 이름(Name) 주소 (address)및 전화번호 E-mail, fax주소 희망직종(desired job) 학력(education)

Resume(이력서)의 구성 • • • 이름(Name) 주소 (address)및 전화번호 E-mail, fax주소 희망직종(desired job) 학력(education) 경력( work experience) 자격증(qualification) 기술(skills) 기타활동(extra curricular activities) 추천인(references) 186

Cover letter(자기소개서)의 구성 • • Ø § Ø § § § Ø Ø 이름

Cover letter(자기소개서)의 구성 • • Ø § Ø § § § Ø Ø 이름 주소 및 전화번호 E-mail, fax주소 인사말; To whom it may concern, Dear Mr. Kim 목적 I am writing to apply 지원회사에 대한 관심 Your company has a good reputation 간략한 자기 소개 인터뷰 요청 및 연락처 맺는 말 및 이름 Yours sincerely Full name 187

Cover letter의 예 • • Dear Sirs I am replying to your advertisement in

Cover letter의 예 • • Dear Sirs I am replying to your advertisement in the Pudlic Journal of October 5, 2003 for the position of paymaster's section. (모집 공고의 출처 명기 ) As the enclosed resume shows, the courses I took at university include Accounting and English, and the practical education taught me important skills in accounting. Therefore I feel the requirements of your position and my qualifications seem to match well. I like working and taking the responsibility of my works. I am ready for a new works and I truly hope you will offer the opportunity to me. May I have the special right of a personal interview to discuss my qualifications with you in detail? I would appreciate it if you would write or call me at 02 -0000 to set up an appointment. (전화번호 를 직접 명기) Sincerely yours, Park Chan-ho 189

추천서 To Whom It May Concern: As the Dean of Stonewell College, I have

추천서 To Whom It May Concern: As the Dean of Stonewell College, I have had the pleasure of knowing Hannah Smith for the last four years. She has been a tremendous student and an asset to our school. I would like to take this opportunity to recommend Hannah for your graduate program. I feel confident that she will continue to succeed in her studies. Hannah is a dedicated student and thus far her grades have been exemplary. In class, she has proven to be a take-charge person who is able to successfully develop plans and implement them. Hannah has also assisted us in our admissions office. She has successfully demonstrated leadership ability by counseling new and prospective students. Her advice has been a great help to these students, many of whom have taken time to share their comments with me regarding her pleasant and encouraging attitude. It is for these reasons that I offer high recommendations for Hannah without reservation. Her drive and abilities will truly be an asset to your establishment. If you have any questions regarding this recommendation, please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, Roger Fleming Dean of Stonewell College 191

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E-mail의 구성 • • • To : All student From : Prof. Kim Subject:

E-mail의 구성 • • • To : All student From : Prof. Kim Subject: Report guide line CC Attached • • • 인사말: Dear Dr. Jung 목적: I am writing to arrange a meeting 맺는말: I am looking forward to hearing from you. 첨부 Sincerely yours, Best regards 이름 및 직책 193

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