English Business 2 Lecture 2 Dea Adlina Expressions

English Business 2 Lecture 2 Dea Adlina

Expressions of Quantity USING SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, EVERY, AND A FEW

COUNT or NONCOUNT ? ? Common NONCOUNT nouns • Whole groups made up of similar items: übaggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit • Fluids: üWater, coffee, tea, oil • Solids: üIce, meat, gold, iron, paper • Gases: üSteam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution • Particles: üRice, corn, dust, hair, salt

COUNT or NONCOUNT ? ? Common NONCOUNT nouns • Abstractions: ü Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty • Languages: ü Arabic, English, Japanese • Field of study: ü Chemistry, literature, engineering • Recreation: ü Baseball, tennis, chess, poker • General activity: ü Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds) • Natural phenomena: ü Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns One Each Every One apple Each apple Every apple Ø Ø Ø Two Both A couple of Three, etc. A few Several Many A number of Two apples Both apples A couple of apples Three apples A few apples Several apples Many apples A number of apples Ø Ø Ø Ø A little Much A great deal of Not any/no Some A lot of Lots of Plenty of Most All Ø Ø Ø Not any/no apples Some apples A lot of apples Lots of apples Plenty of apples Most apples All apples A little rice Much rice A great deal of rice Not any/no rice Some rice A lot of rice Lots of rice Plenty of rice Most rice All rice

ANY • Used in negatives • Compare NOT vs. No: – I do not have any money NOT: to make a verb negative. – I have no money used as an adjective

SOME and ANY • Examples: • There was someone in his room. (+) – There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-) – There was no one in his room. (-) • We have some time to waste. (+) – We don’t have any time to waste. (-) – We have no time to waste. (-)

Review ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives • • Used to modify/describe nouns. Miriam is an intelligent student. The children saw some beautiful pictures. Grandma loves her fat old cat. • An adjective is neither singular nor plural. ØFinal –s is never added.

Adjectives • Number is an adjective – She has two cars. – This is a five-star hotel. – Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.

Adverbs • Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence and to express time or frequency. • To modify verbs: – He walks quickly. – She opened the door quietly.

Adverbs • To modify adjectives: – I am very happy. – She is quite elegant. Adverbs of manner • To modify other adverbs – The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend.

Adverbs • To modify the whole sentence – Usually, Tom is never late. – Bridgett is always on time. – Ann will come tomorrow. – Let’s go outside Adverbs of place Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of time

Adverbs • commonly have a form of adjective + ly adjective adverb dangerously carefully nicely horrible horribly easily electronically • Some do not adjective adverb good well fast hard

How to use GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds • The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i. e. , as a subject or an object. S V a) Playing tennis is fun. Gerund phrase S V O b) We enjoy playing tennis. prep O c) He’s exited about playing tennis.

Using IT + to Infinitive • using gerunds as subjects • Example of gerunds to infinitive form: – Crouching – Flipping to crouch to flip v. Blaming others is an unseemly behavior v. It is an unseemly behavior to blame others • The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

changing Gerund into To + infinitive A. Riding a horse is always fun. Gerund verb B. To ride a horse is always fun. To + infinitive verb C. It is always fun to ride a horse Added subject verb To + infinitive

It + gerunds • Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while” • Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. • We were in danger while we were riding with him.

End of Lecture 2