English 1 PA Lecture 5 Although Although used
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English 1 PA Lecture 5
Although
Although • used for introducing a statement that makes the main statement in a sentence seem surprising • Although the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm. • Although small, the kitchen is well designed.
Ways of saying ‘but’ • Politicians have promised to improve road safety. So far, however, little has been achieved. • Despite clear evidence from road safety studies, no new measures have been introduced. • Politicians have promised to improve road safety. In spite of this/Despite this, little has been achieved so far. • Although politicians have promised to improve road safety, little has been achieved so far
although / even though / though • You can use these words to show contrast between two clauses or two sentences. • Though is used more in spoken than in written English. • You can use although, even though and though at the beginning of a sentence or clause that has a verb. • Notice where the commas go: – Although/Even though/Though everyone played well, we lost the game. – We lost the game, although/even though/though everyone played well. • You cannot use even on its own at the beginning of a sentence or clause instead of although, even though or though: Even everyone played well, we lost the game.
Understanding emotions
Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotions Affection Adoration, affection, love, fondness, liking, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion, sentimentality Lust Arousal, desire, lust, passion, infatuation Longing Love Amusement, bliss, cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, jolliness, joviality, Cheerfulness joy, delight, enjoyment, gladness, happiness, jubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria Joy Surprise Zest Enthusiasm, zeal, zest, excitement, thrill, exhilaration Contentment Pride Optimism Enthrallment Relief Contentment, pleasure Pride, triumph Eagerness, hope, optimism Enthrallment, rapture Relief Surprise Amazement, surprise, astonishment
Primary emotion Anger Sadness Secondary emotion Tertiary emotions Irritation Aggravation, irritation, agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness Exasperation, frustration n Rage Anger, rage, outrage, fury, wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite, vengefulness, dislike, resentment Disgust, revulsion, contempt Envy, jealousy Torment Suffering Agony, suffering, hurt, anguish Sadness Depression, despair, hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe, misery, melancholy Disappoint ment Dismay, disappointment, displeasure
Primary Secondary Tertiary emotions emotion Sadness Fear Disappoint ment Dismay, disappointment, displeasure Shame Guilt, shame, regret, remorse Neglect Alienation, isolation, neglect, loneliness, rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection, insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult Sympathy Pity, sympathy Horror Alarm, shock, fear, fright, horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification Nervousnes Anxiety, nervousness, tenseness, uneasiness, s apprehension, worry, distress, dread
1. Continuing on with the scientific What Causes Fear - A explanation Scientist's Perspective 2. early humans were more likely to survive (and reproduce) 3. well, it is a natural response to danger or pain for one thing 4. These structures are the key processing centers for negative emotions. 5. and Scientists believe it comes about as a result of natural selection 6. if they recognized or feared dangerous situations and were able to avoid them. 7. there almond-shaped structures within the brain called amygdalae
Kids at heart 1. even the slightest thing such as finding a cute ladybug on a flower was exhilarating! 2. remember those days in kindergarten when you wished life was all about “fun” and “play” 3. but we certainly try to be “kids at heart” every once in a while 4. laugh, play, joke around, eat noodles with pick, jump on a bed, blow bubbles, make snow angels, and just learn to have crazy, random fun once in a while. 5. and focus more on the positive than we do 6. sometimes, we envy our kids for being so full of life and not having anything to worry about 7. but that’s probably because they also find ways to enjoy such trivial moments in life 8. we can’t be kids again
Letter
The form of a letter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Printed Letter head Reference Date Inside address Attention line (may be omitted) Salutation Subject line (may be omitted) Body of letter Complimentary close Signature Enclosure (if any)
The form of a letter 1. 2. Your ref: LE/N Our ref: HCD/RP 3. 4. Mess Watson & Bruce Hardware Dealers 14 Castle Road Edinburgh RELIANCE HOLDINGS FINANCE GROUP 88 Martins Lane London EC 2 V 6 BH Telephone 01 -588 3782 14 th November 20__ 5. Attention: Mr. P. James 6. Dear Sirs, 7. Up-to-date list of addresses th 8. Thank you for your letter of 11 November, asking for an up-to-date list of addresses of our branches. We have pleasure in enclosing this brochure, showing the location of all our branches and agencies at home and abroad. 9. Faithfully, 10. Yours S. S. Carson Group Organization RELIANCE HOLDINGS 11. Enc.
Make a letter of 100 -200 words based on 3 of these pictures on Alcoholism from an insider’s perspective Use at least 6 words from tertiary emotions
Picture A
Picture B
Picture C
Picture D
Picture E
Picture F
Understanding Article 4 Mental Health
Question 1. What is the percentage of illnesses in the world that is caused by MNS disorders? 2. Can the application be used for drug abuse victims? Which line indicated it? 3. Assuming Indonesia has a population of 260 billion people how many male suicide deaths happened on 2015? 4. On female map, what is the suicide rate of France?
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