Engineering 101 Humanities 200 Technology and Society Unit

Engineering 101 Humanities 200 Technology and Society Unit 1: Space and Time Joe Mahoney, Steve Muench, Scott Rutherford Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Fall 2005 1

Topics for Space and Time (which translates to “transportation”) • October 10 -11: Introduction to Major Transportation Systems-I (Joe Mahoney) • October 12: Introduction to Major Transportation Systems-II (Joe Mahoney) • October 17: How Transportation Vehicles Have Affected Society (Steve Muench) • October 18: Public Policy Importance of Transportation Decisions (Scott Rutherford) 2

Topics • • Description of mini-projects What is a Civil Engineer? General Transportation Statistics Transportation Infrastructure – Local Transportation Modes – Highways and Bridges • Bridges • Highways/Pavements (October 11) – Airports (October 11) • Transportation Vehicles (October 11) • Epilog: Energy for Transportation (October 11) 3

Highways and Bridges (continued from yesterday) 4

Highways/pavements 5

First Ave, Seattle, 1878 (looking north from Yesler Way) From this view of 1 st Avenue to……. . 6

7 Pavements—they are everywhere you look.

1915—Pacific Highway Today 8

inches HMA cores from various state highways 9

Bituminous Surface Treatment Flexible Pavement 10

Asphalt Concrete (HMA) Overlay—US 2 11

Placing HMA on I-90 near Spokane 12

Infrared imaging of HMA during the delivery and placing process 13

Infrared imaging. MTV of HMA during the End Dump/No delivery and placing process 14

PCC paving— 15 th Ave NE 15

Jointed Doweled PCC Paving Dowel Bars in Cages Ready for Placement of PCC 16 US 395

Construction of a Doweled Construction Joint—US 395 near Ritzville, WA PCC Construction US 395 17

Illustration of Contraction Joint Crack and Aggregate Interlock 18

1992 Dowel Bar Retrofit—I-90 near Cle Elum, WA 19

Airports 20

UW Shell House—Originally built as a hangar for the Aviation Training Corps in 1918 1949 21

Early US airports City 23 Airport Area (acres) Ownership Late 1920’s Current Atlanta 300 3, 800 City of Atlanta Boston 40 2, 384 City of Boston and State of Massachusetts Massport Chicago 320 7, 000 City of Chicago Fort Worth 175 17, 574 City of Fort Worth Cities of Dallas-Fort Worth Los Angeles 80 3, 500 City of Los Angeles Philadelphia 125 2, 200 City of Philadelphia Phoenix 160 2, 200 City of Phoenix Pittsburgh 40 12, 500 City and County Allegheny County

New Airport Size—US Airport 24 First Year Size of (acres) Operation Distance from CBD to Airport (miles) Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH) 1968 8, 800 22 Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) 1974 17, 574 17 Denver International Airport (DEN) 1994 34, 000 18

25 Rank by Population City Land Area (acres) 1 Seattle 53, 620 2 Spokane 36, 669 3 Tacoma 30, 572 4 Bellevue 17, 229 5 Everett 19, 642 6 Federal Way 12, 736 7 Yakima 10, 318 8 Bellingham 15, 408 9 Vancouver 11, 144 10 Renton 10, 633 11 Kennewick 12, 340 12 Kirkland 6, 669 13 Kent 12, 638 14 Redmond 9, 869 15 Bremerton 13, 617 16 Olympia 11, 601 17 Auburn 13, 056 18 Richland 20, 862 19 Longview 8, 083 20 Edmonds 4, 794 Acreage Covered by Washington’s 20 Most Populous Cities

Changes in Airport Characteristics and Operations Over a 60 Year Period Time Period Early 2000’s Characteristic Late 1920’s Non-U. S. Airports 4, 700 acres 3, 400 acres Airport Size 200 acres Runway Length 1, 500 feet 10, 000 feet Airport Location Close to cities-several miles from CBD 10 miles from CBD 12 miles from CBD Annual Passengers Annual Aircraft Operations 26 U. S. Airports Up to 40, 000 Up to 79 million Up to 63 million Up to 10, 000 -20, 000 Up to About 1, 000 About 500, 000

Runway Lengths • JF Kennedy International Airport, New York – 14, 600 ft. (longest US airport runway) • Kennedy Space Center, Florida – 15, 000 ft. • Edwards AFB, California – 24, 000 ft. • White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico – 35, 000 ft. 27 Source: Seattle Times, August 9, 2005

John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York JFK Photo source: Google Earth 28

29 Photo source: Google Earth JFK Airport New York

Edwards AFB, California 30

Edwards AFB California 31

Kennedy Space Center, Florida Photo source: Google Earth 32

Kennedy Space Center, Florida Photo source: Google Earth 33

Kennedy Space Center, Florida Photo source: Google Earth 34

Sea-Tac South Concourse 1949 35

Sea-Tac Center Terminal Expansion 36 Source: Seattle Times, August 7, 2005

Recent Expansion Costs at Sea-Tac 37 Source: Seattle Times, August 7, 2005

Total Annual Passenger Demand—US 38

Transportation Vehicles 39

Aircraft 40

Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis, Sand Point, September 13, 1927 41

United Airline DC-3 at Boeing Field 1940 42

Boeing 377 at Sea-Tac, circa 1949 43

Boeing 314 La. Guardia Airport 44

La. Guardia Airport 45

Boeing 377 at JF Kennedy International Airport 46

JF Kennedy International Airport 47

Boeing 777 at Sea-Tac 48

B 777 with Dual Tridum Gear 49

Boeing 747 -400 • A 747 -400 has six million parts, half of which are fasteners. • A 747 -400 consists of 147, 000 pounds (66, 150 kg) of high-strength aluminum. • The 747 -400 has 16 main landing gear tires and two nose landing gear tires. 50 Source: Boeing Company

Boeing Commercial Aircraft—Model 40 to 747 -400 (1927 -2004) Boeing Model 747 -400 Factor Passengers Weight Range Increase x 210 x 155 X 13 Speed X 4 Boeing Model 40 A 51 420 passengers 2 passengers

Trucks and Buses 52

Kenworths—past to present 53

Manufacturer truck classes 54

WSDOT length vehicle restrictions 55

WSDOT length vehicle restrictions 56

WSDOT length vehicle restrictions 57

Truck and bus weights • Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) based on three criteria – Tire size – Axle weight – Axle spacing Maximum GVW and axle weights Maximums 58 Single axle 20, 000 lb Tandem axle 34, 000 lb Steer axle 600 lb per inch width of tire GVW 105, 500 lb

A bit of Washington traffic… 59

Seattle Traffic Flow Map August 16, 2005 60

61

US 99 Seattle ADT = 71, 000 62 All traffic data from 2004 WSDOT estimates.

I-5 Seattle ADT = 242, 000 Trucks = 5% 63

State Route 172 near Withrow ADT = 160 64

I-5 Seattle Ship Canal Bridge ADT = 185, 000 Trucks = 5% 65

State Route 520 Seattle ADT = 102, 000 Trucks = 3% 66

I-90 Seattle ADT = 150, 000 Trucks = 6% 67

ADT = 191, 000 Trucks = 7% 68 I-405 near Bellevue

ADT = 27, 000 Trucks = 18% I-90 Snoqualmie Pass 69

I-90 Spokane ADT = 104, 000 Trucks = 22% 70

I-90 Idaho Stateline ADT = 42, 000 Trucks = 10% 71

Epilog: Energy and Transportation 72

Epilogue: Energy and Transportation 73

Primary Energy Consumption per Capita Tonnes per capita 74

Crude Oil Consumption (barrels per day) Country or Location Consumption of Crude % Change % of 1994 -2004 World Total 1994 2004 Worldwide 68, 219, 000 80, 757, 000 18 100 US 17, 719, 000 20, 517, 000 16 25 China 3, 145, 000 6, 684, 000 8 113 75 Source data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy—June 2005

Crude Oil Reserves (barrels) Country or Location Crude Oil Reserves as of 2003 (barrels) Worldwide 1, 188, 600, 000 Reserves to Production Ratios (years) 40. 5 US 29, 400, 000 11. 1 China 17, 100, 000 13. 4 76 Source data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy—June 2005

Crude oil prices since 1861 77 BP Statistical Review of World Energy—June 2005

Road Use Growth 78 From the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2003

The increasing cost of paving 79 Source: WSDOT, http: //www. wsdot. wa. gov/biz/construction/Cost. Index/Hot. Mix. PDF

Class poll: Who deserves the most blame for higher energy prices? 80 Oil companies % Foreign countries % Politicians % Environmentalists % People who drive gas guzzlers % Other, all of them or don’t know %

“Who deserves the most blame for higher energy prices? ” Oil companies 30% Foreign countries 22% Of course how people respond is, in part, Politicians 21% a function of the question! Environmentalists 9% People who drive gas guzzlers 7% Other, all of them or don’t know 11% Source: AP poll of 1, 000 US adults August 9 -11, 2005 (from Seattle Times) 81