ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Meeting 2

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Today’s agenda Campus Linguistics • • • Pia Sundqvist Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet Preparation for meeting 3 - About semantics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis (ch. 10 -12)

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Repetition is the mother of all learning • ”Bildning är det som finns kvar när vi glömt vad vi lärt oss” Ellen Key (1849 -1926) • Do you remember? Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Morphology - the study of word structure • What is a morpheme? a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function; the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning; a basic meaningful unit • Compare with a phoneme: the smallest linguistically distinctive unit of sound Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Words: Simple or complex Simple: Cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful units: and, pig, chair, jump, berry, hospital. Complex: Can be analyzed into constituent parts/can be broken down into smaller meaningful units: houses (house + s), gentleman (gentle + man). Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Types of morphemes lexical free functional morphemes bound derivational inflectional Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Free vs. bound • Free - can stand alone: and, pig, chair, jump, berry, hospital, town, dog, yellow, slim. • Bound - cannot stand alone: unbreakable. Tend to be prefixes and suffixes; productive morpheme. • ”Cranberry” – unproductive morpheme, exists only in bound form; cranberry, huckleberry. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Lexical vs. functional • Lexical – Carries the content of messages, open word classes (Ns, Adjs, Vs): zebra, yellow, hunt, twitter. • Functional – Function words, closed word classes (Conjs, Preps, articles, Pronouns): and, the, a, an, but, there, it, she, under, because. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Derivational vs. … • Derivational - can be added to a word to create (derive) another word: rearrange, happiness, hospitalize. • Prefixes and suffixes… • They carry semantic information. • What is the semantic information of re-, -ness, and –ize? Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics …inflectional • Inflectional – indicates aspects of the grammatical function of a word, without deriving a new word or a word in a new grammatical category: dogs, dog’s, faster, fastest, sings, walked, singing, taken. • There are 8 inflectional morphemes in English. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Allomorphs • Allomorphs are variants of a particular morpheme, e. g. ‘plural’ • Give examples: 1. -s 2. -es 3. Ø (zero morph) 4. vowel change Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Worksheets 1 -2 …and any other questions you might have Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 1 • What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence? • When he arrived, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag full of books. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 2 • What are the lexical morphemes in the sentence? • Haitians are used at the best of times to queuing for things; waiting is, after all, the first cousin of poverty. But in the nine days since the earthquake struck, they have become experts. (from The Guardian, Jan. 21, 2010) Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 3 • List the bound morphemes in these words: fearlessly, misleads, previewer, shortened, unhappier. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 4 • What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions? • It's raining • the cow jumped over the moon • the newest style • the singer's new songs Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 5 • What are the allomorphs of 'plural' in this set of English words? • ballons • syllabi • phenomena • women • churches • children Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Study Q 6 • What are the allomorphs of 'past tense’ in this set of English verbs? • jumped • tied • ran • became • put Ø (no change) Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Syntax • The analysis of sentence structure • The system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation in human language. • *House painted student a the. • A student painted the house. • Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Noam Chomsky • Language acquisition device, LAD • ”I will consider a language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences” Pia Sundqvist • Generative grammar: Explicit rules that can generate an infinite number of sentences; syntactic structures

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Deep and surface structure NP + VP + NP (abstract level) Shaquille made a slam dunk. The slam dunk was made by Shaquille. Pia Sundqvist Was a slam dunk made by Shaquille? It was Shaquille who made a slam dunk.

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Syntactic component of the grammar Phrase structure rules Deep structure Transformations Surface structure Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Structural ambiguity • From Yule (2006): Annie whacked a man with an umbrella. • Women catch colds easier than men. Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Tree diagrams S NP N Pia Sundqvist VP V NP Annie whacked a man with an umbrella.

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Annie has the S NP N VP V Art NP PP N Pia Sundqvist Annie whacked a man with an umbrella.

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics The man has the S NP N VP V Art NP PP N Pia Sundqvist Annie whacked a man with an umbrella.

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Phrase structure rules • Generative grammar: Explicit rules that can generate an infinite number of sentences; syntactic structures • ”a noun phrase rewrites as/consists of/branches into an article followed by a noun” NP • NP Art N Pia Sundqvist the ball

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Lexical rules • Specify which words can be used when constituents are rewritten. • Example: Art a, the • ”an article rewrites as a or the” Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Recursion From Yule (2006: 93): 1. Mary helped George. 2. Cathy knew that Mary helped George. 3. John believed that Cathy knew that Mary helped George. Recursion! Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Transformational rules • Movement of constituents within a sentence. • There are very, very advanced transformational rules… • Syntax is fun Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Worksheet 2 • Go through answers! Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics For meeting 3 Yule (2006) • Semantics (ch. 10) – The study of meaning • Pragmatics (ch. 11) Pia Sundqvist – How the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, etc.

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics For meeting 3… • Discourse analysis (ch. 12) – The branch of linguistics that deals with the study and application of approaches to analyze written, spoken or signed language Bla, bla Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics Do you speak English? Big Train BBC Comedy Ali G interviews Noam Chomsky about ”language” Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics You. Tube clips • Chimp talk: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 l rv 1 Cr. Gq 3 o • Do you speak English? http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Q 0 I 7 PCoy-nk&feature=related • ”Ali G” interviews Noam Chomsky: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f OIM 1_x. OSro&feature=related Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG 1 ENGBL 1 Campus Linguistics The end Good luck studying Pia Sundqvist