Energy Storage Technologies Developed by Ronald Ishii P

Energy Storage Technologies Developed by Ronald Ishii, P. E. , AESC, Inc. for California Community Colleges January 2016

Types of Energy Storage Technologies • Hydraulic – Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) • Pneumatic – Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) • Kinetic – Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) • Electromagnetic – Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) • Electrical – Double Layer Capacitors (DLC) January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Types of Electro-Chemical Energy Storage Technologies • Electro-chemical – Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) – Iron Chromium (Fe-Cr) – Lithium Ion (Li-ion) – Sodium Sulfur (Na. S) – Lead Acid (LA) – Zinc Air (Zn-air) – Sodium Nickel Chloride (Na. Ni. Cl) – Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) – Zinc-Bromide Hybrid Flow Battery (Zn. Br HFB) January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Applications January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Factors Affecting Electro. Chemical Storage Technologies • • • Falling price of batteries Battery improvements allow new devices to be built Increased capacity for size – miniaturization More units combined – modularization Availability – quantity of batteries in market place affects price January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Pumped Hydro Storage Cutaway Diagram of a Typical Pumped Hydro Plant Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Compressed Air Energy Storage Schematic of Compressed Air Energy Storage Plant Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Flywheel Energy Storage Integrated Flywheel System Package Cutaway Diagram Courtesy Beacon Power. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Source: www. energystoragesense. com Conceptual Design of the ISTEC 100 k. Wh small-scale SMES Source: www. wtec. org January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Super Capacitors Source: electrical-engineering-portal. com Source: http: //www. maxwell. com The plot presented here is based on data provided by Maxwell Technologies January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Sodium Sulfur Battery Source: Polysulfide Chemistry in Sodium–Sulfur Batteries and Related Systems— A Computational Study by G 3 X(MP 2) and PCM Calculations (pages 3162– 3176), Prof. Dr. Ralf Steudel and Dr. Yana Steudel. Article first published online: 16 JAN 2013 | DOI: 10. 1002/chem. 201203397 January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Sodium Nickel Chloride Battery FIAM 222 k. Wh System at Duke Energy Rankin Substation Source DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Nickel Cadmium Battery Structure of a cell in a vented cell battery Source: "Aircraft battery cell" by Ransu January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Lithium Ion Battery January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Lithium Ion Batteries AES Storage LLC’s Laurel Mountain Energy Storage supplies 32 MW of regulation in PJM territory using Li-ion batteries. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Lithium Ion Battery A 30 k. W/34 k. Wh Distributed Energy Storage Unit being installed at the Anatolia Solar. Smart Homes in SMUD territory. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Lithium Ion Battery Residential Energy Storage and Energy Management System Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Zinc-Air Battery Zinc-air battery functional schematic Courtesy Re. Volt. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Zinc Air Battery 1 -k. W Zinc-air Prototype Photo courtesy of EOS Energy Storage. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook. January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Lead Acid Battery Source: www. eurobat. org Zinc-air battery functional schematic Courtesy Re. Volt. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Principles of the Vanadium Redox Battery Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Prudent Energy 600 -k. W/3, 600 -k. Wh VRB-ESS Installed at Gills Onions, Oxnard, CA Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Iron Chromium Flow Battery Principles of Operation of an Iron-Chromium Battery Energy Storage System. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Energy Storage Handbook. January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Iron Chromium Flow Battery Photo Courtesy of Ener. Vault. Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Zinc Bromine Flow Battery The Zinc-bromine battery is another type of flow battery in which the zinc is solid when charged and dissolved when discharged Zinc-bromine Cell Configuration Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Zinc Bromine Flow Battery A 90 -k. W/180 -k. Wh Zinc-bromine Energy Storage System by Red. Flow Housed in a 20 foot shipping container. Source DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges

Performance Source: IEC Electric Energy Storage White Paper January 12 -13, 2016, California Community Colleges