Energy Pyramids Instructions Pick a food chain and

Energy Pyramids – Instructions Pick a food chain and go to page 72 -73 in your textbook (4 extras) Trophic Level – using the appropriate term Example – drawing (include word if not clear) Side three � Numbers – how many organisms? (given for you) � Energy (Joules – unit of energy) and Biomass (total mass for one trophic level) – you are given base level, how will you find the rest? Color, Cut, Fold, Affix, and you’re done!

ld he re (numbers) 6000 250 40 3 10, 000 n kg (biomass) 10, 000 J (energy) 1, 000 n kg 10 n kg 1, 000 J 10 J e er th cu re he fo ld fo Flow of energy: Example Pyramid ld fo re he Example food chain MAY NOT USE this one

CLIMATE, TERRESTRIAL BIOMES AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Latitude and Climate Weather – condition of the atmosphere at a given time v. Climate – the average weather conditions in an area � Temperature and precipitation Climate is affected by latitude (distance between the equator and any point N-S), ocean currents, and land masses (Shape and elevation) � Why? Angle of the sun. � One factor that influences distribution of biomes

How are humans affecting climate? Example: global warming via the Greenhouse Effect

Tundra Below polar ice caps No trees � Frozen soil (permafrost) � Minimal precipitation

Boreal Forest or Taiga South (or North) of Tundra Evergreen forest – no permafrost Short summers

Temperate Forest Broadleaved, deciduous trees Four seasons Woodland animals (bears – top predator)

Temperate Shrubland or Chaparral Less rainfall than temperate forests Dominated by shrubs— adapted to dry environment E. g. California

Temperate Grassland Fertile soils – to support grasses Drought, grazers, and fires prevent it from becoming a forest Example: prairie

Desert Evaporatio n exceeds precipitatio n Organisms adapted to this: succulents (cacti), insects, lizards, etc.

Tropical Savanna Grasses and scattered trees Minimal precipitatio n Zebras, lions, etc.

Tropical Rain Forest Warm temperature s, lots of rain Highest species diversity Vegetation: canopy v. understory

Other Terrestrial Areas Mountains – climate changes as altitude changes � Communities resemble that of the tundra at the top Polar regions – cold all year, covered in ice

Aquatic Ecosystems - Overview Freshwater Transitional (“brackish”) Marine (salty)

Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers and streams – water flows in one direction, carries sediment, cause erosion � Plants and animals must be able to withstand water currents Lakes and ponds – standing water, vary greatly in size � Eutrophic (nutrient-rich) v. Oligotrophic (nutrient- poor) What effect would this have on the organisms present? � Seasonal patterns (next slide)

Transitional Ecosystems Brackish water – between salty and fresh Wetlands – marshes, swamps, and bogs � Very productive environments (nutrients) � Often anoxic, usually pretty salty (adaptations) Estuaries – where salt water meets fresh!

Marine Ecosystems – Salt Water Intertidal – where ocean meets land � Wave and tide action � Persistent organisms Coastal ocean and coral reefs � Very diverse (next slide) � Subject to human disturbances Open ocean � Photic zone – where light reaches (up to 100 meters!) � Phytoplankton/algae