Energy in the Ocean Atmosphere Climate System SOEE

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Energy in the Ocean. Atmosphere Climate System SOEE 3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian

Energy in the Ocean. Atmosphere Climate System SOEE 3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks i. brooks@see. leeds. ac. uk Room 1. 64 a Environment Building http: //homepages. see. leeds. ac. uk/~ibrooks

 • The atmosphere-ocean system acts as a heat engine Energy IN (solar radiation)

• The atmosphere-ocean system acts as a heat engine Energy IN (solar radiation) Work done Energy OUT (heat lost to space as infra-red radiation) • Energy OUT = Energy IN • Work done moving atmosphere and ocean around SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 2

Contributions to global oceanatmosphere energy budget Energy Flux (W m-2) Solar radiation 340 Latent

Contributions to global oceanatmosphere energy budget Energy Flux (W m-2) Solar radiation 340 Latent heat 70 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation ~2 Photosynthesis ~0. 1 Geothermal heat flux 0. 06 World energy production (fossil fuels) 0. 02 SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 3

reflected solar radiation 107 W m 2 Incoming solar radiation 342 W m 2

reflected solar radiation 107 W m 2 Incoming solar radiation 342 W m 2 Outgoing longwave radiation 235 W m 2 40 30 Reflected by clouds, aerosol & atmosphere 77 Absorbed by atmosphere 67 24 165 emitted by atmosphere 78 350 Reflected by surface 30 back radiation 324 40 168 24 Absorbed by surface 78 thermals Evapotranspiration 390 Surface radiation SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 324 Absorbed by surface 4

IPCC : http: //www. ipcc. ch/present/graphics. htm SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate

IPCC : http: //www. ipcc. ch/present/graphics. htm SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 14 18 14. 5 0. 9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 14 18 14. 5 0. 9 Heat absorbed by the continents (Beltrami et al. 2002) Heat absorbed by the oceans 0. 8 Heat required to melt continental glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001) 0. 7 Heat absorbed by the atmosphere during 1955 -96 (Levitus et al. 2001) 0. 3 Heat required to reduce Antarctic sea-ice extent (de la Mare, 1997) 0. 1 Heat required to melt mountain glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001) 0. 005 Heat require to melt northern hemisphere sea-ice (Parkinson et al. 1999) 0. 002 Heat require to melt Arctic perennial sea-ice volume (Rotherock et al. 1999) Estimate of Earth’s heat balance components (1022 J) for the period 1955 -1988 (after Levitus et al, 2005, GRL, VOL. 32, L 02604, doi: 10. 1029/2004 GL 021592) SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 6

No Atmosphere SWi = Solar (shortwave) radiation SWr = shortwave reflected LWe = Infra

No Atmosphere SWi = Solar (shortwave) radiation SWr = shortwave reflected LWe = Infra red (longwave) emitted radiation SWi SWr Ts = Ts 4 LWe Ts = surface temperature = Stefan-Boltzman constant (5. 67 x 10 -8 Watts m-2 K-4 ) At equilibrium… SWi = SWr + LWe In the absence of an atmosphere the surface temperature of earth would be approximately 255 K (-18ºC). It’s actual mean temperature is 288 K (+15ºC) SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 7

Some radiation passes through atmosphere CO 2 Some radiation absorbed by gas molecules Radiation

Some radiation passes through atmosphere CO 2 Some radiation absorbed by gas molecules Radiation absorbed from ONE direction, heating gas, is re-emitted in ALL directions SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 8

90 Ferrel Cell 60 Polar Cell 0 Heat Transport Net Radiation 30 30 60

90 Ferrel Cell 60 Polar Cell 0 Heat Transport Net Radiation 30 30 60 90 Idealized model of atmospheric circulation. N. B. actual circulations are not continuous in space or time. SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 9

Mid-latitude Jet Stream 60° Polar Front Tropical jet 30° 0° Deep convection SOEE 3410

Mid-latitude Jet Stream 60° Polar Front Tropical jet 30° 0° Deep convection SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 10

SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 11

SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 11

IPCC : http: //www. ipcc. ch/present/graphics. htm SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate

IPCC : http: //www. ipcc. ch/present/graphics. htm SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 12

Animation of monthly net Short-Wave (solar) radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.

Animation of monthly net Short-Wave (solar) radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 13

Animation of monthly net Long-Wave (infra-red) radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.

Animation of monthly net Long-Wave (infra-red) radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 14

Animation of monthly net radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE

Animation of monthly net radiation (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 15

Animation of monthly sensible heat flux (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html

Animation of monthly sensible heat flux (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 16

Animation of monthly latent heat flux (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html

Animation of monthly latent heat flux (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 17

Animation of monthly change in heat storage (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.

Animation of monthly change in heat storage (W/m 2) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 18

From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change

From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 19

Animation of monthly surface temperature (ºC) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410

Animation of monthly surface temperature (ºC) From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 20

Animation of monthly sea-level pressure (mb) and surface winds From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.

Animation of monthly sea-level pressure (mb) and surface winds From http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 21

Suphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice Concentrations of 3 well-mixed greenhouse gases SOEE 3410

Suphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice Concentrations of 3 well-mixed greenhouse gases SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 22

 • Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations change the radiative balance of the earth

• Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations change the radiative balance of the earth by reducing the outgoing longwave radiation. • The climate system must adjust to a new equilibrium. • The nature of the change in climate state is complicated by the large number of interacting processes. SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 23

Online Resources • The animations shown in this lecture have been made available at

Online Resources • The animations shown in this lecture have been made available at http: //homepages. see. leeds. ac. uk/~ibrooks/envi 3410 • The were produced by the Department of Geography at the University of Oregon. These and some additional animations can be found at : http: //geography. uoregon. edu/envchange/clim_animations/index. html SOEE 3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change 24