ENERGY FOSSIL FUELS Fossil Fuels Our Principal Industrial

ENERGY FOSSIL FUELS

Fossil Fuels - Our Principal Industrial Energy Source • Fossil Fuels are Fundamental to the U. S. Economy – 88% of our energy needs are met by coal, oil, & natural gas

Fossil Fuels - Our Principal Industrial Energy Source • The Historical Development of Fossil Fuels – Coal mining began 8 centuries ago on the north coast of England – The use of fossil fuels was negligible before 1800

Fossil Fuels - Our Principal Industrial Energy Source • National Importance of Large Energy Supplies – A close relationship between national power and energy has existed since the start of the industrial revolution • Britain and Germany grew to prominence in the 19 th century on their coal fields – The Consumption Curve for Finite Resources TEXT p. 214

Oil And Natural Gas • The Natural Occurrence of Oil and Gas – Both resources require that some sort of geologic trap exist

Oil And Natural Gas • Oil Field Sizes – Oil fields range from supergiant (>5 billion bbls) to small (5 million bbls) – Few undiscovered supergiant or giants are believed to remain – Seems virtually certain they have all been found in the U. S.

Global distribution of 592 giant oil fields plotted on topographic-bathymetric world map. Yellow boxes indicate concentrations of giant oil fields shown in detailed figures. A) Alaska; B) Rocky Mountain foreland; C) Southern California; D) Permian and Anadarko basins; E) Gulf of Mexico; F) Northern South America; G) Brazil; H) North Sea; I) North Africa; J) West Africa; K) Arabian Peninsula / Persian Gulf; L) Black Sea; m) Caspian Sea; N) Ural Mountains; O) West Siberia; P) Siberia; Q) China; R) Sunda; S) Australia; T) Bass Strait / Australia / Tasmania

Top 20 Oil Reserves

Top 20 Oil Reserves

Top 20 Oil Consumers

Top 20 Oil Consumers

Map of lower 48 States showing location of continuoustype plays for oil and gas in sandstones, shales, and chalks (U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )

Oil And Natural Gas • Getting Oil Out of the Ground – Exploration – Secure drilling rights – Drilling – Pumping – Processing

After drilling, a cement mixture is pumped into the ‘payzone” and left to harden. Once hard, the cement zone is perforated. Drilling

Oil And Natural Gas • Oil Recovery Ranges from 10 to 80% – The industry average is 30% – Secondary Recovery • This is mostly water or natural gas injection • Raises recovery 2 to 10%

Oil And Natural Gas – Tertiary recovery is rarely done • in situ heating by burning or detergent injection are used

Oil And Natural Gas • Production Now and in the Future – Ultimately Recoverable Oil Resources • World = 1700 - 2300 109 bbls – Yet to be produced 1016 109 bbls • North America = 280 - 380 109 bbls – Yet to be produced 45 109 bbls • Middle East = 860 - 1140 109 bbls – Yet to be produced 534 109 bbls FYI 109 = 1, 000, 000

Oil And Natural Gas • U. S. oil production will continue to fall as the resource declines – Year 2000 5 x 106 bbls/day CONSUMPTION = 16 to 17 x 106

Oil And Natural Gas • Suppliers of Petroleum to the U. S. TEXT Page 240 – Importer nations must go to those who have oil regardless of politics – Dependence on oil has forced reliance on distant sources as domestic resources fall – Industrial powers now rely on politically unstable nations

Oil And Natural Gas • Oil Shales – 20% of the U. S. is underlain by oil shale • The Green River Formation of Colorado, Utah & Wyoming – covers 17, 000 sq. miles and has 2 x 1012 bbls oil – better deposits have 30 gallons/ton rock – most land is federally owned • Best known recovery methods involve strip mining and surface retorting

Oil And Natural Gas • Environmental problems – retorting expands the shale 20% compounding disposal problems – strip mining – waste is very alkaline and pollutes streams – air pollution from dust and many chemicals – burning shale oil produces 1. 5 to 5 times the CO 2 of conventional oil » C 02 is released from calcite

Oil And Natural Gas • Natural Gas (methane CH 4) 240 TEXT page – History • Natural gas was once considered a nuisance and was routinely flared before 1940 • Now natural gas is either: – reinjected to maintain oil field pressure – shipped to market – preferably by pipeline – LNG tankers are dangerous

Oil And Natural Gas – The resource yet to be developed in the U. S. may be 1500 x 1012 cubic feet • 65 years supply at 1995 consumption rates • This high total may result from discoveries in the Rocky Mtn overthrust belt

Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves

Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves

Top 20 Natural Gas Consumers

Top 20 Natural Gas Consumers

Oil And Natural Gas • Coal TEXT pages 232 & 234 – Coal resources are more easily estimated • U. S. may have 400 - 500 billion tons of commercial coal – a 600 year supply – resource is 10 times oil – 4000 billion tons may ultimately be available • USSR has 3 to 4 X the U. S. resource – Coal distribution in the U. S. - see map

Map of lower 48 States showing areas of coal-bed gas and locations of plays assessed (U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )

Oil And Natural Gas – Important uses of coal • • electricity generation production of methane by gasification domestic and commercial heat for industrial processes

Oil And Natural Gas – Adverse environmental impacts • Strip mining • occupational hazards - black lung, mine collapse, etc. • stream pollution from mines • S 02 and NOX air pollution - acid rain • particulate air pollution

The underground loading of coal in Colo. Wyo Coal Company's mine near Axial. Moffat County, Colorado. 1960 J. Paul Storrs, mining engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, examining the coal in Colo. Wyo Coal Company's mine near Axial. Moffat County, Colorado. 1960

Energy Appendix • Cause of the Energy Crisis – Lack of national energy plan – Years of import restrictions depleted our domestic resource – Federal regulations on the price of oil and natural gas – Laws restricting the burning of coal – Environmental opposition to strip mining, offshore drilling, refinery construction – Growing population and increased demand per capita – Inefficient homes, transportation, and manufacturing – Wars

Energy Appendix • A Brief History of OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) – Founded around 1960 by Venezuela because oil companies paid so little for the oil they extracted – Other nations joined because their huge oil resources generated so little money – In the early 1970's U. S. inefficiency forced us to switch from exporter to importer – The Shah of Iran urged price increases – OPEC production has fallen since 1977

Andrew Carnegie Story From NPR – Andrew Carnegie was approached by a man on the street who claimed to have the key to success written in a small book. For $20, 000 Carnegie could have the book. Carnegie requested a sample of the suggestions: 1. Each day make a list of the most important things to be accomplished. 2. Do them!! – Carnegie bought the book!!

Andrew Carnegie Story From NPR • Such an approach to national problems in 1980 would have: – Developed an alternative energy and conservation plan, – Emphasized improved public schools, – etc. • We didn't do it. Now we pay the price.