Energy Alternatives Climate Change Gary Flomenhoft http www

Energy Alternatives Climate Change Gary Flomenhoft http: //www. uvm. edu/~gflomenh/CDAE 06/

“There is nothing more difficult to carry out, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things. For those who would institute change have enemies in all those who profit by the old order, and they have only lukewarm defenders in all those who would profit by the new order. ” Nicolo Machiavelli, 1490

Climate Change Summary of Facts

2 Billion Years of Temperature History

300 Million yrs of CO 2

60 Million yrs of CO 2

Relevant units: BTU= Unit of energy needed to raise one pound of water by one degree fahrenheit=1005 J =778 ft-lb=252 cal Joule=. 0. 001 BTU Watts=Vx. A=1 Joule/second Watt-hour=one Watt for one hour Quad=Quadrillion (1015) BTU

Metric tons per GWhe The Carbon Question

Composition of U. S. Energy Use Percent of total energy use 100 75 coal wood oil 50 gas 25 animal feed electricity 0 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

GDP 1825: ~$200 BILLION 2000: $41, 000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION =205 X 1825 level.

Work Done in the U. S. Economy, 1850 -1970 Labor Domesticated Animals Fuel

Greenhouse gas emission scenarios Stabilization Targets

How much will the Kyoto Protocol reduce emissions? Data Sources: United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook, 1998 and 1999.

Cumulative carbon emissions, 1950 -1996 Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Per capita emissions of carbon from industrial sources, 1996 Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Per capita emissions of carbon 2003 Place CO 2/capita Metric tons US 19. 8 Vermont 11. 9 Belize 3. 0 Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE Arctic Ice thinned by 40%: US subs

CLIMATE DAMAGE

CLIMATE DAMAGE

CLIMATE DAMAGE

CLIMATE DAMAGE

Europe in August 2003 COUNTRY DEATHS DETAILS Temperatures soared to 104 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the country; temperatures in Paris were France 14, 802 the highest since record-keeping began in 1873. 7000 High temperatures of up to 105. 4 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest since records began in 1901, raised mortality some 10 percent above average. 4230 High temperatures coupled with elevated groundlevel ozone concentrations exceeding the European Union's health-risk threshold. Italy UK Neth Portugal Belgium 4175 2045 1400 1316 150 Temperatures in parts of the country averaged 16 degrees Fahrenheit higher than previous year. TOTAL 35, 118 Germany Spain The first triple digit (Fahrenheit) temperatures were recorded in London. Temperatures ranged some 14 degrees warmer than normal. Temperatures were above 104 degrees Fahrenheit throughout much of the country. Temperatures exceeded any in the Royal Meteorological Society's records dating back to 1833.

Ocean Conveyor Belt-(Thermohaline)

Methane-hydrates

"Kyoto and its policies are inconsistent with freedom, prosperity and environmental policy progress, " said Sen. James Inhofe, R-Okla. , the Chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. "I’m becoming more and more convinced, as time goes by and we look at the research, that global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people and the world. " MSNBC News Link 12/10/03