EndosporeForming Firmucutes Key Genus Bacillus Clostridium Sporosarcina Heliobacterium

Endospore-Forming Firmucutes � Key Genus: Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina, Heliobacterium � Endospore-forming bacteria; to selectively isolate from soil, nutrients, dust and other materials; The sample is treated for 10 minutes at 80 ° C. � Bacillus species are aerobic, Clostridium species are in anaerobic conditions.

� Bacillus and Paenibacillus � Most bacilli produce a number of antibiotics. � Some bacilli, especially Paenibacillus popilliae and Bacillus thuringiensis, produce insect larvacides. � B. thuringiensis, "Bt-toxin"

Clostridium � Since Clostridia lacks the respiratory chain, it only achieves ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. � Butyric acid as a final product

� Some, such as Clostridium pasteurianum, can also produce acetone and butanol. �A group of Clostridia ferments cellulose by washing it into acids and alcohols. These are the most important organisms that break down cellulose in the soil anaerobically.

� The amino acid fermentation product is typically acetate, butyrate, CO 2 and H 2. � Paired amino acid breakdown is also known as the Stickland reaction.

� Clostridium botulinum; botulism, � Clostridium tetani; tetanus, � Clostridium perfringens; gaseous gangrene

Heliobacteria � Anoxygenic � Produces are gram-positive phototrophic Bacteria. phototroph a unique pigment bacteriochlorophyll g

Mollicutes: Mycoplasma � Key Genera: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma � One of the smallest known bacteria without a cell wall � Their reproduction cannot be prevented by antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.

� The factor that provides resistance against osmotic lysis is the presence of sterol. � Some Mycoplasma require to sterols in the growth medium. � Some Mycoplasma contain compounds called lipoglycans, which strengthen the cell membrane.

� Spiroplasma genus includes helical or spiral shaped Mollicutes. � Despite the absence of a whip, spiroplasmas move by rotating like screws or with a slow ripple. � In this mobility, intracellular fibrils have been found to play a role.