Endocrine System Spring 2009 FINAL 1 Endocrine Glands

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Endocrine System Spring 2009 FINAL 1

Endocrine System Spring 2009 FINAL 1

Endocrine Glands • • • Pituitary gland Pineal gland Adrenal glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid

Endocrine Glands • • • Pituitary gland Pineal gland Adrenal glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland Pancreas Gonads Hypothalamus 2

1. Lack of _____ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue

1. Lack of _____ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue to _____ Osteomalacia 2. Caused by ______ of fats 3. If it occurs after growth plate closure it is called ____ 3

Osteomalacia Demonstrates as osteopenia on x-ray. Appears similar to osteoporosis Except for the presence

Osteomalacia Demonstrates as osteopenia on x-ray. Appears similar to osteoporosis Except for the presence of bands Of radiolucency within the bone 4

Paget’s Disease X-ray of affected bones show Cortical thickening with a coarse Thickened trabecular

Paget’s Disease X-ray of affected bones show Cortical thickening with a coarse Thickened trabecular pattern Often called “cotton wool” Appearance Mixed areas of radiolucency & 5 radiopaque areas

Paget’s Disease 1. ________ disorder of unknown cause 2. Has two stages: 1. ________

Paget’s Disease 1. ________ disorder of unknown cause 2. Has two stages: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. Fairly common in elderly 4. Affects men twice as frequently as women 6

Pituitary Gland Disorders 7

Pituitary Gland Disorders 7

Acromegaly X-ray demonstrates an enlarged sella Turcica and changes in the skull Obliterates diploe

Acromegaly X-ray demonstrates an enlarged sella Turcica and changes in the skull Obliterates diploe found between inner & outer tables of the cortical bone 8

Acromegaly 1. _______ disorder caused by a disturbance of the _____ gland 1. Primarily

Acromegaly 1. _______ disorder caused by a disturbance of the _____ gland 1. Primarily affects skeletal system 2. Have a prominent forehead & jaw, widened teeth, abnormally large hands, coarsening of facial features 9

1. Decreased levels of pituitary hormones Hypopituitarism 2. Most common cause is pituitary infarction

1. Decreased levels of pituitary hormones Hypopituitarism 2. Most common cause is pituitary infarction 1. Caused by ischemic pituitary necrosis, postpartum hemorrhage, shock, sickle cell disease, meningitis, shock, syphilis, and head trauma 3. CT, MRI and angiography can be used for radiographic evaluation 10

Hypopituitarism 1. _______ stature with protruding abdomen 2. _______ hair 3. Coarse facial features

Hypopituitarism 1. _______ stature with protruding abdomen 2. _______ hair 3. Coarse facial features with wideset eyes, broad nose and _______ tongue 11

Adrenal Gland Disorders 12

Adrenal Gland Disorders 12

Cushing’s Syndrome http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vx. SAh. Ly. KVqw 13

Cushing’s Syndrome http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vx. SAh. Ly. KVqw 13

Cushing’s Syndrome 1. Have a “_____” face with excess fat deposits in neck and

Cushing’s Syndrome 1. Have a “_____” face with excess fat deposits in neck and trunk 2. Skin is _______ and does not heal well 3. CT and MRI demonstrates pituitary adenomas 14

Addison’s Syndrome 15

Addison’s Syndrome 15

Addison’s Syndrome 16

Addison’s Syndrome 16

Pancreatic Disorders 17

Pancreatic Disorders 17

Pancreas Anatomy 18

Pancreas Anatomy 18

Diabetes Mellitus 1. Syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is combination with glucose intolerance 2.

Diabetes Mellitus 1. Syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is combination with glucose intolerance 2. Alteration is metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins 19

1. Produce little to no __________ Type 1 2. Symptoms 3. Increase ______, excessive

1. Produce little to no __________ Type 1 2. Symptoms 3. Increase ______, excessive thirsty & increase in appetite 4. Treatment 20

1. Inadequate secretion of insulin Type 2 2. More common in women than men

1. Inadequate secretion of insulin Type 2 2. More common in women than men 3. Treatment is similar to DM 1 21

Thyroid and Parathryroid Gland Disorders 22

Thyroid and Parathryroid Gland Disorders 22

Thyroid Anatomy 23

Thyroid Anatomy 23

Hyperthyroidism 24

Hyperthyroidism 24

1. _______ disorder 2. Thyroid gland secretes excess amounts of ____ Hyperthyroidism 3. Enlarged

1. _______ disorder 2. Thyroid gland secretes excess amounts of ____ Hyperthyroidism 3. Enlarged ______ and ______ eyes 4. Hyper and nervous 5. Treatment includes: 25

1. ______ deficiency 2. Commonly seen in PT’s with Hashimoto’s syndrome Hypothyroidism 3. May

1. ______ deficiency 2. Commonly seen in PT’s with Hashimoto’s syndrome Hypothyroidism 3. May be caused by _____ insufficiency 4. • • Symptoms: __________ hot & cold intolerance __________ weight gain 5. Treatment: 26

Thyroid Cancers 27

Thyroid Cancers 27

Parathyroid Glands 28

Parathyroid Glands 28

Hyperparathyroidism X-ray demonstrates osteopenia, especially in the diaphyses of the phalanges and clavicles Pathologic

Hyperparathyroidism X-ray demonstrates osteopenia, especially in the diaphyses of the phalanges and clavicles Pathologic fractures may exist as a consequence of the softened bony matrix 29

Hyperparathyroidism 30

Hyperparathyroidism 30

Nephrocalcinosis Tiny deposits of calcium dispersed through renal parenchyma Can be seen on an

Nephrocalcinosis Tiny deposits of calcium dispersed through renal parenchyma Can be seen on an IVU and plain radiographs 31

Radiography 1. Useful in diagnosing some disorders 1. Metabolic diseases of the skeletal system

Radiography 1. Useful in diagnosing some disorders 1. Metabolic diseases of the skeletal system 1. Cushing's’ 2. Decrease in CA in osteomalacia & osteoporosis 3. Disorders of pituitary gland 1. Changes in sella turcica 4. Acromegaly 32

Bone Mineral Densitometry 1. Determines mineral and calcium content in bone 2. Can assist

Bone Mineral Densitometry 1. Determines mineral and calcium content in bone 2. Can assist in the diagnosis of 1. Osteoporosis 2. Osteomalacia 33

MRI 1. Useful in evaluating pituitary disorders 1. Pituitary adenomas 1. Presence of progress

MRI 1. Useful in evaluating pituitary disorders 1. Pituitary adenomas 1. Presence of progress 2. With Gadolinium 2. Microadenomas 34

CT 1. Useful in diagnosis and follow-up of pituitary disorders 2. Pineal gland 3.

CT 1. Useful in diagnosis and follow-up of pituitary disorders 2. Pineal gland 3. Neoplastic diseases of thyroid , adrenal glands & parathyroid glands 1. Enlargement of adrenal glands 4. Biopsies frequently performed under CT 35

Nuclear Medicine 1. Diagnosing thyroid function 2. Detecting nonpalpable nodules 3. Evaluate remaining thyroid

Nuclear Medicine 1. Diagnosing thyroid function 2. Detecting nonpalpable nodules 3. Evaluate remaining thyroid tissue 1. After surgical resection or ablation 4. Localize medullary tumors of adrenal glands 5. Using radioisotopes to treat this tumor of the medullary portion of the adrenal glands 36