Endocrine System Alterations Homeostatic Controls Endocrine Glands Hormones

Endocrine System Alterations

Homeostatic Controls

Endocrine Glands & Hormones

Endocrine Problem Overview n n n Hypothalamic Regulation Hyper- / Hypo- secretion of hormones Antibodies against hormone Receptor changes or blockage Signal Transduction problems

Cell Signaling

Signal Transduction Overview

Receptor Location Summary

Cellular Actions n n n n Synthesis Contraction and Relaxation of muscles Secretion Cell permeability changes DNA transcription Phosphorylate to activate enzymes Protein synthesis

Feed Back Loops Ultra Short n Long n

Fate of Hormones Deactivated n Secreted n

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Nuclei n n n n Supraoptic Preoptic Paraventricular Ventromedial Dorsomedial Mammillary Arcuate (Infundibular)

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Direct Neural Regulation of PP Store Release

Hypophyseal Portal System

Hypothalamic Control over AP

Hypothalamic Control for AP H-Hormone AP - H Target Effects GHRH; IH Gn. RH TRH CRH PIH ? MRH GH FSH LH TSH ACTH PRL M/Sk; cells Gonads Thyroid Adrenal C Mammary Gland Growth and repair MSH Gamete Hormone T 3; T 4 Corticocoids Milk production Melanocyte melanin

Pituitary Anatomy

Pituitary Hormones

Posterior Pituitary: ADH problems n DI ¨ Decrease ADH ¨ Central Diabetes n ISADH ¨ Increase ¨ Tumor ADH

Panhypopituitarism

Pituitary Adenoma

Pituitary Tumor View and Surgery

Pineal Gland Location

Brain Sand in Pineal Gland Brain Sand: Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon

Melatonin Synthesis

Melatonin Stimulus

Melatonin Function

OTC Hormones

Hormone Integration

Pineal Gland Tumor

GH: Hypersecretion

Dwarfism Three Types

Achondrodysplasia n n n Autosomal dominant (primarily from older men > 35 years old) Two copies are fatal Gene 3 Fibroblast Growth Factor point mutation Abnormal Cartilage production Short Bones Skeletal radiograph to confirm

MOPD: Primordial Dwarfism n n n Microcephalic Osteodysplasia Fetal Development Maximum: 3 ft tall Proportional dwarf Brain Aneurysms occur

Thyroid and Parathyroid

Thyroid Gross Anatomy

Thyroid Hormone Control and Problems n n n Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Graves Disease Autoimmune Tumors ¨ Carcinoma ¨ Adenoma

Thyroid Scans

Thyroid Histology

Thyroid Hormone Formation

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

Thyroid Hormone Target / Action

Thyroid Problems

Hypothyroidism

Iodine Deficiency

Cretinism

Myxedema

Secondary Hypothyroidism

Goiter

Testing for Hypothyroidism

Graves Disease

Auto AB: Graves Disease

Hashimoto’s Disease

Hashimoto’s Thyroditis

Graves vs. Hasimoto

Thyroid Hyperplasia

Thyroid Cancers

Thyroid “C” Cells

C cell carcinoma Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid Tumors

Thyroid Follicular Adenoma

Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

Thyroid Nodule Flow Chart

Parathyroid Location

Parathyroid Gross Anatomy

Thyroid - Parathyroid

Parathyroid Histology

Calcium Regulation

Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism effects

Parathyroid Hyperplasia

Parathyroid Adenoma

Parathyroidectomy

Adrenal gland Location

Adrenal Gland Gross Anatomy

Adrenal Gland Specimens

Adrenal Gland Histology

Adrenal Gland Divisions (Histo)

Adrenal Hormones

Zona Glomerulosa

Hypoadrenocorticism

Addison’s Disease

Zona Fasiculata; Zona Reticularis

Cushings

Adrenal Gland Atrophy

Sympathetic NS: Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Medulla

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Adenoma

Other Adrenal Tumors carcinoma paraganglioma

ALD Decreased cholesterol conversion to steroids Myelin Degeneration Treatment: Lorenzo’s Oil

Pancreas Gross Anatomy

Pancreas Histology: Islets

DM

Blood Sugar

DM: Type 1

DM: Type 2

DM Sequella

Gestational Diabetes

DM sequella

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Uncontrolled DM

Insulinoma

Acinar Pancreas

Pancreatic Tumors

Treatment

Questions?