Endangered Species Act Act passed in 1973 that

Endangered Species Act • Act passed in 1973 that established measures for saving threatened animal species.

Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 • Federal law passes to protect against credit practices that might discriminate in low- income neighborhoods.

OPEC • Organization of Oil Exporting Countries • Includes many nations from the Middle East. • Control supply of oil, which affects gas prices.

Ronald Reagan • • 40 th President Ended the Cold War Marked the return to conservatism Reaganomics

Reaganomics • President Reagan’s approach to the economy. • Also known as trickle down economics with the idea that if corporations and the wealthy were doing well, they would hire more, leading to a better economy for all.

Peace through Strength • Conservative slogan supporting military strength to promote peace.

Phyllis Schafly • Conservative woman who opposed the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and worked to ensure it did not pass.

Contract with America • Document released in 1994 that outlined the Republican plans if they became the majority party in the House of Representatives. • Included smaller government, less taxes, welfare reform.

Heritage Foundation • A conservative “think tank” which had influence during the Reagan presidency and whose ideas were the basis for the Contract with America.

Moral Majority • A network of ministers and others that registered voters who would support conservative candidates and issues.

National Rifle Association (NRA) • Non-profit interest group which supports the protection of the 2 nd Amendment’s right to bear arms.

George H. W. Bush • 41 st President • Saw the fall of the Berlin Wall • Ordered military action in the Persian Gulf after Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait. • Lost popularity after the US entered a recession and taxes were raised.

Persian Gulf War • Invasion of Iraq by the United States in order to liberate Kuwait, which had been taken over for their oil reserves.

Billy Graham • A conservative Christian evangelist who was an advisor to numerous Presidents. • He is the person that has preached to the most people in history.

Sandra Day O’Connor • 1 st female Supreme Court Justice

Estee Lauder • Successful business woman who created a global cosmetics company.

Bill Clinton • 42 nd President • Instituted welfare reform and children’s health care. • Was impeached for lying to a grand jury but was acquitted.

The Balkans/Yugoslavia/Croatia • An area in the Mediterranean that was created after World War I. • It was split along religious lines, Catholic Croats, Orthodox Slavs, and Muslim Serbs. • In the 1990’s, it was the site of a war that included the leader of Yugoslavia putting many of the Muslim men into camps leading to their deaths.

Hillary Clinton • First lady who worked for Health Care reform. • 2008 Presidential candidate who won more delegates that any other woman in history. • Secretary of State under President Obama.

NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico creating opportunities for trade between the three nations.

Bill Gates • Founder and CEO of Microsoft. • One of the world’s richest men.

Sam Walton • Founder of Wal-mart

Election of 2000 • Presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore which resulted in a vote recount and case that appeared before the Supreme Court. • Bush won the electoral vote while Gore won the popular vote.

9/11/2001 • September 11, 2011 • Attacks on World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington D. C. • Planned by Al-Qaeda- a militant anti-western group based in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

War on Terror • Military campaign led by the United States to eliminate terrorism around the world. • Began after the attacks on 9/11

Patriot Act • Act passed by Congress as a response to 9/11 which expanded the powers of law enforcement and limited the individual rights of Americans

Hurricane Katrina • One of the most costly hurricanes in US History. • Massive flooding was caused when levees that were designed to keep water levels low broke. • Caused major issues with rebuilding.

Election of 2008 • Presidential race between Barack Obama and John Mc. Cain. • Led to the election of the 1 st African American President in US History

Sonia Sotomayor/Elena Kagan • Sonia Sotomayor – 3 rd female Supreme Court Justice – 1 st Hispanic justice • Elena Kagan – 1 st female Dean of Harvard Law – 4 th female Supreme Court Justice

Oprah Winfrey • Media personality • 1 st African American female billionaire. • Known for her philanthropy.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 • Economic stimulus package passed in response to the Recession of 2008.

Robert Johnson • Successful businessman • Founder of BET (Black Entertainment Television) • 1 st African American billionaire.

Lionel Sosa • Runs the largest Hispanic advertising agency.

Mendez v. Westminster • Case that ruled that separating Mexican American students in schools is unconstitutional.

Hernandez v. Texas • 14 th Amendment applies to all races not just African Americans • All races are afforded rights to jury of their peers.

Delgado v. Bastrop • Segregation of Mexican American students is unconstitutional in Texas

Edgewood ISD v. Kirby • All schools should receive equal amounts of federal funding regardless of the race or socioeconomic status of the students.

Sweatt v. Painter • Qualified students must be given admission regardless of race and a separate facility does not count.

Tinker v. Des Moines • School administrator must show a valid reason for regulating free speech. • Free speech/protest is acceptable within reason in school.

Baker v. Carr • “One man, one vote” • Courts decide districting for representation.

Mapp v. Ohio • States cannot consider evidence gained in violation of the Constitution.

Gideon v. Wainwright • State must provide an attorney to a defendant regardless of ability to pay.

Escobedo v. Illinois • A suspect must be allowed access to their attorney and be advised of their right to remain silent.

Miranda v. Arizona • Law enforcement must give all suspects a warning informing them of their right to an attorney and the right to remain silent.