End Of Course Fill in the blank Study

End Of Course Fill in the blank Study Guide Review

Accuracy vs. Precision 1. ______________ refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. • For Example: if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3. 2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate. Accuracy 2, ____________ refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. • For Example: if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3. 2 kg each time, then your measurement is very precise. Precision

Bias 3. To avoid bias in scientific research, scientists should undergo _____ of work. peer review Also – should have large sample numbers (# of people/ animals being tested) 4. A controlled experiment will change _______ variable at a time. 1

Independent vs Dependent Variables 5. __________ variable —one factor should only be tested at one time in an experiment (the one that “I” change) independent 6. __________ variable — the results from the independent variable or The outcome of the experiment. dependent

Redi’s Experiment: Spontaneous Generation 7. The Controlled variable- jars, meat, location, temperature, time The Manipulated or Independent Variable- gauze The Responding or Dependent Variable- flies

Properties of Life • Made of one or more cells • Displays organization • Grows and develops • Reproduces (sexually or asexually) • Responds to stimuli • Requires energy • Maintains homeostasis- Homeostasis is to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment • Adaptations evolve over time

Macromolecules 8. _____ Made up of triglycerides Long Term storage of energy/ Makes up the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Includes Fats, Oils, Waxes, & Steroids LIPIDS

Macromolecules 9. _________ Made up of Monosacchardies Short term energy source Includes sugars and starches Carbohydrates / found in a 1: 2: 1 ratio Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Macromolecules 10. _________ Made up of Amino Acids Builds muscle Includes enzymes – what do enzymes do? speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Proteins

Macromolecule 11. ___________ Made up of nucleotides what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and a 5 carbon sugar Stores genetic information. Includes DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid

Indicators 12. Protein: Indicator: _________. If positive it will turn __________. Biurets/ Purple 13. Sugar Indicator ___________. If positive, it will turn __________. Benedicts / Orange

Indicators 14. Starch Indicator ___________. If positive, it will turn __________. Iodine (aka: Lugols) & dark brown-black 15. Lipids Indicator ___________. If positive, it will turn __________. Sudan IV/ Red

Enzymes 16. Enzymes are which macromolecule? proteins 17. Describe how an enzyme and a substrate work together? They fit together in a enzyme- substrate complex

Cells 18. • Prokaryotes are simple cells with no nucleus. An example would be ________ bacteria 19. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Examples are _____ & _____ cells. plant and animal

Cell organelles 20. _______—the center of the cell that controls all activities. “The Brain” Nucleus 21. Ribosome—site of ______ synthesis. On the Rough ER protein 22. ____—converts sugar into ATP for use in the cell. “Powerhouse” of the cell mitochondria 23. Chloroplast— converts sunlight into glucose (sugar) for energy “Chlorophyll FILLS the chloroplast” Only in plant cells _____ takes place in the leaves. photosynthesis

Cell organelles 24. Cell Wall — Only in _______ cells. This is a rigid structure that is outside the cell membrane. It provides structure/shape and protection. plant 25. _____—Uses enzymes to clean the cell of worn out parts or waste. “Cleans like Lysol!” lysosome 26. _____--- Mainly in plant cells. Stores water, minerals, and food. Usually the largest structure in the plant cell. vacuole

Cell organelles 27. ____________ —a jelly like substance within a cell that fills the space & houses the other organelles. cytoplasm Cell (Plasma) Membrane — a semi permeable structure that regulates what comes in and out of the cell, “Gatekeeper of the Cell” ** which macromolecule makes up the majority of the cell membrane? lipids

Cellular Transport 28. _______ transport —transport across a cell membrane that requires no energy. The molecules move down its concentration gradient from high to low! passive 29. __________ transport —transport across a cell membrane AGAINST a substances concentration gradient. (like pushing a boulder uphill!!) REQUIRES _____ Active/ ATP Active moves from low to high

Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic 30. _____solutions — There is more water (solvent) on the outside of the cell then on the inside. The result is water rushes into the cell making it swell and possibly burst. “You swell up like a hippo in this solution. Hypotonic 31. _______________ solutions —There is more water on the inside of the cell than on the outside. The result is that all of the water rushes out making the cell shrink. Hypertonic

Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic 31. Isotonic solution — concentrations in the cell and outside the cell are equal. (You could say that is has reached a state of ______) equilibrium There is no NET movement of concentration.

Mitosis 33. _____ — nucleus breaks down and chromosome appear prophase 34. ______— chromosomes line up in the center of the cell metaphase 35, ____—sister chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers anaphase 36. _____/ _______ — two INDENTICAL daughter cells are made telophase/ cytokinesis (cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm) Mitosis produces how many of what kind of cells? 2, diploid cells & they are the same

Meiosis goes through two phases of PMAT to produce FOUR GENETICALLY DIFFERENT CELLS 37. The purpose of meiosis is to produce sex cells, or _______ —sperm and eggs. gametes 4 haploid gamete cells & they are different What event in Meiosis makes them different? CROSSING-OVER

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 38. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves in the ______. chloroplast It is a process in which sunlight is converted to sugar CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar) + O 2 39. Cellular Respiration occurs in the _______ of a cell. mitochondria It converts glucose to make ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2+ H 2 O + 36 ATP 40. Reactants/ Products

Ecology 41. Complete the levels of organization from smallest & the largest ______—molecule—organelles—cell (smallest unit of life!)—tissue—organ system—organism—population—community— ecosystem—biome— and ______ smallest = atom largest = biosphere

Symbiosis (Relationships) 42. ___________—when one organism benefits from a relationship, and the other is not helped or harmed. Example— bird living in a tree. commensalism 43, ___________— both organisms benefit from a relationship. Ex— bird living on top of a rhino. The bird eats the insects off of the rhino and the rhino protects the bird. mutualism 44. ________— one organism is helped and the other is harmed. Ex — a tapeworm takes all of the host’s food. parasitism

Energy Pyramids 45. The bottom of the energy pyramid is the plants which are ______. producers As you move up the food chain, you have consumers – either herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores 46. 90% of energy is lost to heat and only _____ of the energy moves up the pyramid. 10%

Primary & Secondary Succession 47. ________ succession: (no soil) it is a very slow process. Example: lichens on rocks primary __________ succession (soil) plant regrowth after a natural disaster secondary

Carrying Capacity 48. The carrying capacity is the maximum number of organism that an environment’s resources can sustain. If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, then individuals will die because of _______________. a lack of resources (limiting factors)

Density Independent vs. Density Dependent 49. Density independent factors are ______ factors that occur no matter the size of the population. Examples are hurricanes, floods, and other weather factors. abiotic - nonliving 50. Density dependent factors are ______ factors that depend on the size of the population. Competition, disease, and predation are examples of these factors. biotic - living

Demography Birth rate— increases population & Death rate—decreases population 51. Immigration— organisms moving _______a population will increase the population size INTO 52. Emigration —organisms moving ____ a population will decrease the population size OUT OF (or “exiting”)

Heredity 53. ____ alleles consist of two different alleles one dominant and one recessive (Rr) heterozygous 54. ______ alleles are two same alleles (rr or RR) homozygous 55. _______ is the actually gene code (GG, Gg, gg) genotype 56. _______ is the physical expression of the trait (brown hair, tall plant) phenotype

Modes of Inheritance 57. ___________ —where two traits blend to form an “in-between” trait. • Example: a red flower and a white flower could blend to form a pink flower. Incomplete Dominance 58. ___________—where two alleles are equally dominant. Therefore the result is both alleles showing up. Ex: a black cat and a white cat have black and white spotted kittens. Codominance

DNA molecules 59. It is a double helix structure made up a sugar, a phosphate and nitrogen bases. The bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. ____ pairs with T, ____ pairs with G A = T Adenine – Thymine C = G Cytosine – Guanine

RNA molecules 60. A single stranded molecule that carrying genetic information. It codes for proteins. The bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil. _____ pairs with U & ____ pairs with G A = U Adenine – Uracil C = G Cytosine – Guanine

Evolution 61. ______ says that the best traits or adaptations are going to be passed down to their offspring. Natural Selection 62. ____believed in “use and disuse”. He believed that if you didn’t use a feature, that your offspring would lose it. Was his theory true? Lamarck – False

Evolution 63. __________ created theories of natural selection. This stated that the best trait or adaptation would be passed to offspring. Survival of the fittest stated that only the healthiest, best adapted organisms would survive and reproduce. Charles Darwin