Employee Testing and Selection www assignmentpoint com After
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Employee Testing and Selection www. assignmentpoint. com
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is meant by reliability and validity. 2. Explain how you would go about validating a test. 3. Cite and illustrate our testing guidelines. 4. Give examples of some of the ethical and legal considerations in testing. 5. List eight tests you could use for employee selection, and how you would use them. 6. Explain the key points to remember in conducting background investigations. www. assignmentpoint. com
Why Careful Selection is Important The Importance of Selecting the Right Employees Organizational Performance www. assignmentpoint. com Costs of Recruiting and Hiring Legal Obligations and Liability
Avoiding Negligent Hiring Claims • Carefully scrutinize information on employment applications. • Get written authorization for reference checks, and check references. • Save all records and information about the applicant. • Reject applicants for false statements or conviction records for offenses related to the job. • Balance the applicant’s privacy rights with others’ “need to know. ” • Take immediate disciplinary action if problems arise. www. assignmentpoint. com
Basic Testing Concepts • Reliability Ø Consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested with identical or equivalent tests. Ø Are test results stable over time? • Validity Ø Indicates whether a test is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring. Ø Does the test actually measure what it is intended to measure? www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 1 Sample Picture Card from Thematic Apperception Test Source: Reprinted by permission of the publishers from Henry A. Murray, THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST, Plate 12 F, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1943. www. assignmentpoint. com
Types of Validity Test Validity Criterion Validity Content Validity Face Validity www. assignmentpoint. com
How to Validate a Test Steps in Test Validation 1 Analyze the Job: predictors and criteria 2 Choose the Tests: test battery or single test 3 Administer the Tests: concurrent or predictive validation 4 Relate Your Test Scores and Criteria: scores versus actual performance 5 Cross-Validate and Revalidate: repeat Steps 3 and 4 with a different sample www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 2 Examples of Web Sites Offering Information on Tests or Testing Programs • www. hr-guide. com/data/G 371. htm Provides general information and sources for all types of employment tests. • http: //buros. unl. edu/buros/jsp/search. jsp Provides technical information on all types of employment and nonemployment tests. • www. ets. org/testcoll Provides information on over 20, 000 tests. • www. kaplan. com Information from Kaplan test preparation on how various admissions tests work. • www. assessments. biz One of many firms offering employment tests. www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 3 Expectancy Chart Note: This expectancy chart shows the relation between scores made on the Minnesota Paper Form Board and rated success of junior draftspersons. Example: Those who score between 37 and 44 have a 55% chance of being rated above average and those scoring between 57 and 64 have a 97% chance. www. assignmentpoint. com
TABLE 6– 1 Testing Program Guidelines 1. Use tests as supplements. 2. Validate the tests. 3. Monitor your testing/selection program. 4. Keep accurate records. 5. Use a certified psychologist. 6. Manage test conditions. 7. Revalidate periodically. www. assignmentpoint. com
Test Takers’ Individual Rights and Security Test • Under the APA’s standard for educational and psychological tests, test takers have the right: Ø To privacy and information. Ø To the confidentiality of test results. Ø To informed consent regarding use of these results. Ø To expect that only people qualified to interpret the scores will have access to them. Ø To expect the test is fair to all. www. assignmentpoint. com
Legal Privacy Issues • Defamation Ø Libeling or slandering of employees or former employees by an employer. • Avoiding Employee Defamation Suits 1. Train supervisors regarding the importance of employee confidentiality. 2. Adopt a “need to know” policy. 3. Disclose procedures impacting confidentially of information to employees. www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 4 Sample Test Source: Courtesy of NYT Permissions. www. assignmentpoint. com
Using Tests at Work • Major Types of Tests Ø Basic skills tests Ø Job skills tests Ø Psychological tests • Why Use Testing? Ø Increased work demands = more testing Ø Screen out bad or dishonest employees Ø Reduce turnover by personality profiling www. assignmentpoint. com
Computerized and Online Testing • Online tests Ø Telephone prescreening Ø Offline computer tests Ø Virtual “inbox” tests Ø Online problem-solving tests • Types of Tests Ø Specialized work sample tests Ø Numerical ability tests Ø Reading comprehension tests Ø Clerical comparing and checking tests www. assignmentpoint. com
Types of Tests What Tests Measure Cognitive (Mental) Abilities www. assignmentpoint. com Motor and Physical Abilities Personality and Interests Achievement
FIGURE 6– 5 Type of Question Applicant Might Expect on a Test of Mechanical Comprehension www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 6 Sample Personality Test Items Source: Elaine Pulakos, Selection Assessment Methods, SHRM Foundation, 2005, p. 9. Reprinted by permission of Society for Human Resource Management via Copyright Clearance Center. www. assignmentpoint. com
The “Big Five” Extraversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness www. assignmentpoint. com Emotional Stability/ Neuroticism Openness to Experience
FIGURE 6– 7 Example of a Work Sampling Question www. assignmentpoint. com
Work Samples and Simulations Measuring Work Performance Directly Work Samples www. assignmentpoint. com Management Assessment Centers Video-Based Situational Testing Miniature Job Training and Evaluation
TABLE 6– 2 Evaluation of Assessment Methods on Four Key Criteria Assessment Method Validity Adverse Impact Costs (Develop/ Administer) Cognitive ability tests High (against minorities) Low/low Somewhat favorable Job knowledge test High (against minorities) Low/low More favorable Personality tests Low to moderate Low/low Less favorable Biographical data inventories Moderate Low to high for different types High/low Less favorable Integrity tests Moderate to high Low/low Less favorable Structured interviews High Low High/high More favorable Physical fitness tests Moderate to high High (against females and older workers) High/high More favorable Situational judgment tests Moderate (against minorities) High/low More favorable Work samples High Low High/high More favorable Assessment centers Moderate to high Low to moderate, depending on exercise High/high More favorable Physical ability tests Moderate to high High (against females and older workers) High/high More favorable Applicant Reactions Note: There was limited research evidence available on applicant reactions to situational judgment tests and physical ability tests. However, because these tests tend to appear very relevant to the job, it is likely that applicant reactions to them would be favorable. Source: Elaine Pulakos, Selection Assessment Methods, SHRM Foundation, 2005, p. 17. Reprinted by permission of Society for Human Resource Management via Copyright Clearance Center. www. assignmentpoint. com
Background Investigations and Reference Checks • Investigations and Checks Ø Reference checks Ø Background employment checks Ø Criminal records Ø Driving records Ø Credit checks • Why? Ø To verify factual information provided by applicants. Ø To uncover damaging information. www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 8 Reference Checking Form Source: Society for Human Resource Management, © 2004. Reproduced with permission of Society for Human Resource Management in the Format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center. www. assignmentpoint. com
Background Investigations and Reference Checks (cont’d) Former Employers Current Supervisors Sources of Information Commercial Credit Rating Companies Written References Social Networking Sites www. assignmentpoint. com
Limitations on Background Investigations and Reference Checks Legal Issues: Defamation Employer Guidelines Background Investigations and Reference Checks Supervisor Reluctance www. assignmentpoint. com Legal Issues: Privacy
Making Background Checks More Useful 1. Include on the application form a statement for applicants to sign explicitly authorizing a background check. 2. Use telephone references if possible. 3. Be persistent in obtaining information. 4. Use references provided by the candidate as a source for other references. 5. Ask open-ended questions to elicit more information from references. www. assignmentpoint. com
Using Preemployment Information Services Acquisition and Use of Background Information 1 Disclosure to and authorization by applicant/employee 2 Employer certification to reporting agency 3 Providing copies of reports to applicant/employee 4 Notice of adverse action to applicant/employee www. assignmentpoint. com
TABLE 6– 3 Collecting Background Information Suggestions for collecting background information include the following: 1. Check all applicable state laws. 2. Review the impact of federal equal employment laws. 3. Remember the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act. 4. Do not obtain information that you’re not going to use. 5. Remember that using arrest information will be highly suspect. 6. Avoid blanket policies (such as “we hire no one with a record of workers’ compensation claims”). 7. Use information that is specific and job related. 8. Keep information confidential and up to date. 9. Never authorize an unreasonable investigation. 10. Make sure you always get at least two forms of identification from the applicant. 11. Always require applicants to fill out a job application. 12. Compare the application to the résumé (people tend to be more imaginative on their résumés than on their application forms, where they must certify the information). 13. Particularly for executive candidates, include background checks of such things as involvement in lawsuits, and of articles about the candidate in local or national newspapers. 14. Separate the tasks of (1) hiring and (2) doing the background check (a recruiter or supervisor anxious to hire someone may cut corners when investigating the candidate’s background). Source: Adapted from Jeffrey M. Hahn, “Pre-Employment Services: Employers Beware? ” Employee Relations Law Journal 17, no. 1 (Summer 1991), pp. 45– 69; and Shari Caudron, “Who Are You Really Hiring? ”, Workforce, 81, no. 12 (November 2002), pp. 28– 32. www. assignmentpoint. com
The Polygraph and Honesty Testing • Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 Ø Generally prohibits polygraph examinations by all private employers unless: v The employer has suffered an economic loss or injury. v The employee in question had access to the property. v There is a reasonable prior suspicion. v The employee is told the details of the investigation, as well as questions to be asked on the polygraph test itself. Ø Exceptions: v Private security employees v Employees v National www. assignmentpoint. com with access to drugs defense and security (FBI, DOE, and DOJ)
Honesty Testing Programs: What Employers Can Do • Antitheft Screening Procedure: Ø Ask blunt questions. Ø Listen, rather than talk. Ø Do a credit check. Ø Check all employment and personal references. Ø Use paper-and-pencil honesty tests and psychological tests. Ø Test for drugs. Ø Establish a search-and-seizure policy and conduct searches. www. assignmentpoint. com
FIGURE 6– 9 Handwriting Exhibit Used by Graphologist Source: Kathryn Sackhein, Handwriting Analysis and the Employee Selection Process (New York: Quorum Books, 1990), p. 45. Reproduced with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www. assignmentpoint. com
Physical Examination • Reasons for preemployment medical examinations: Ø To verify that the applicant meets the physical requirements of the position. Ø To discover any medical limitations to be taken into account in placing the applicant. Ø To establish a record and baseline of the applicant’s health for future insurance or compensation claims. Ø To reduce absenteeism and accidents. Ø To detect communicable diseases that may be unknown to the applicant. www. assignmentpoint. com
Substance Abuse Screening • Types of Screening Ø Before formal hiring Ø After a work accident Ø Presence of obvious behavioral symptoms Ø Random or periodic basis Ø Transfer or promotion to new position • Types of Tests Ø Urinalysis Ø Hair follicle testing www. assignmentpoint. com
Substance Abuse Screening (cont’d) Safety: Impairment vs. Presence Americans with Disabilities Act Drug Free Workplace Act of 1988 Ethical and Legal Issues Accuracy of Tests www. assignmentpoint. com Recreational Use vs. Addiction Intrusiveness of Procedures
FIGURE 6– 10 Procedure in Complying with Immigration Law 1. Hire only citizens and aliens lawfully authorized to work in the United States. 2. Advise all new job applicants of your policy. 3. Require all new employees to complete and sign the verification form (the “I-9 form”) designated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to certify that they are eligible for employment. 4. Examine documentation presented by new employees, record information about the documents on the verification form, and sign the form. 5. Retain the form for three years or for one year past the employment of the individual, whichever is longer. 6. If requested, present the form for inspection by INS or Department of Labor officers. No reporting is required. www. assignmentpoint. com
Improving Productivity Through HRIS: Comprehensive Automated Applicant Tracking and Screening Systems Benefits of Applicant Tracking Systems “Knock out” applicants who do not meet job requirements www. assignmentpoint. com Allow employers to extensively test and screen applicants online Can match “hidden talents” of applicants to available openings
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