Empires of Asia 1450 1750 Mr Wilson AP

Empires of Asia 1450 -1750 Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School

Rise of Empire: Russia p Ivan the Great (1440 -1505) n n p Ivan the Terrible (1533 -1584) n p Creates a strong army Used loyalties to the Orthodox Church Increased power of the tsar Patterns of Expansion n Cossacks End independence of Central Asia Multinational Empire

Ivan the Great Ivan the Terrible

Rise of Empires: Ottoman p Osman (1258 -1326) n p Mehmed II (1432 -1481) n p Unites Turks against Mongols Conquered Byzantine Empire Methods n n n Ghazi Gunpowder Janissaries p Devshirme—”Blood Tax”

Rise of Empires: Mughal p Babur (1482 -1530) n n p Akbar (1542 -1605) n n p Traced descent from Mongols Not motivated by religious fervor Vision was to unite all of India Modernized the military Methods n n Turkish military tradition Gunpowder Akbar with Jesuits by Nar Singh, c. 1605

Babur Akbar the Great

Rulers at the end of the 16 th century Left to Right p Akbar the Great (1542 -1605) p Elizabeth I “the Virgin Queen” (1533 -1603) p Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 -1616) p Shah Abbas the Great (1571 -1629)

Political Systems: Russia p Tsarist Autocracy n n p European-style military n p Bureaucracy Pugachev Rebellion Gunpowder Western Expansion n n Western capital Warm water port Partition of Poland Frequent wars with the Ottoman Empire

Political Systems: Ottoman p Political Structure n n p Religious Tolerance n p Absolute Monarchy Vizier Warrior Aristocracy Janissaries Millet System Military Expansion n Byzantine Empire Battle of Lepanto Siege of Vienna

Political Systems: Mughal p Political Structure n n n p p Warrior Aristocracy Weak Bureaucracy Hindus control local administrations Religious Tolerance Expansion n n Aurangzeb expands empire into southern India Europeans establish trade colonies

Social Systems: Russia p Rise of Serfdom n Encouraged by the government p n n p Made hereditary in 1649 Strengthened by Catherine the Great Conditions of Serfs n n n p Lacked the bureaucracy needed to control the people Serfs could be bought & sold Used village governments to regulate lives Illiterate and very poor Led to rebellions n Pugachev rebellion

Social Systems: Ottoman p Social Hierarchy n n Warrior aristocracy become landed elite Merchants and artisans p p n Guilds Trade controlled by Jews and Christians Peasants face heavy burdens from landowners p Gender Roles n n Women subordinate to fathers and husbands Few scholarly or artistic opportunities Seclusion and veiling were imposed on women of all classes Elite women influence politics p n Hurrem Sultan Could participate in trade and moneylending

Social Systems: Mughal p p Encouraged widow remarriage Discouraged child marriage Outlawed sati Discouraged female seclusion n Special market days for women Top: practice of sati; Bottom: shrine to women who committed sati

Culture: Russia p Westernization n Peter the Great p p Traveled to the West to study science & technology Modernized the military & the economy Women were given more freedoms Encouraged Western culture

Culture: Russia p Catherine the Great n n Enlightened despot Built schools and hospitals Religious tolerance Patronized Western art p n Hermitage Museum Censored political writings that encouraged democracy and abolition of serfdom p Radishev Catherine the Great

Culture: Ottoman p Rebuilt Constantinople n n p Coffee Houses n n p Suleymaiye Mosque Built Aqueducts Center of social life Read poetry & have scholarly discussions Architecture n Mimar Sinan compared to Michelangelo Blue Mosque, Istanbul

Culture: Mughal p Architecture n Combines Hindu & Muslim Styles p p Taj Mahal Sikhism n n n Founded by Guru Nanak (1469 -1539) Blend of Islam & Hinduism Personal salvation through disciplined, personal meditation on God A Sikh man in front of the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple)

Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) p Yuan Dynasty came to an end in 1368 n p Chinese attempt to eliminate Mongol cultural influence by emphasizing Chinese traditions Ming Government n n Reestablished Confucian bureaucracy Revived civil service exams Reopened imperial academies Moved capital to Beijing p n Built the Forbidden City Expanded into Central Asia & Manchuria

Ming Dynasty

Forbidden City

Ming Economy p New American crops expanded agriculture n n Sweet potato, maize, peanuts Led to rapid population growth p p Population growth aided manufacturing by keeping wages low n p p Limited need for labor saving devices Launched expeditions into the Indian Ocean n p Went from 100 million in 1500 to 225 million by 1750 Zheng He voyages Limited trade with Europeans to Macao & Canton “the Silver Sink”

Zheng He vs. Columbus

Ming Society p Strengthened traditional Chinese values n n Filial piety Extended family system p n Emphasized loyalty to family Females remained subordinate Footbinding continued p Female infanticide was not uncommon p Widows were discouraged from remarrying & widow suicide was often encouraged p n Confucian-based social hierarchy

Ming Culture Promoted Neo-Confucianism p Emphasized Chinese tradition p Literature p n Monkey, the Water Margin, etc. Pottery p the Great Wall p

Fall of the Ming Dynasty p Internal economic collapse n Flow of silver and Ming tax policies Disruption of trade p Extravagant lifestyle of the imperial family p Declining efficiency of the government p A series of famines in the early century p Peasant revolts p External invasions p n Manchu invaders easily defeated Ming dynasty p Establish the Qing dynasty (1644 -1912)

Unification of Japan p Four centuries of feudal warfare ended in 1600 CE n Oda Nobunaga (d. 1582) Introduced firearms to Japanese warfare p Made alliances with Christian missionaries p n n Toyotomi Hideyoshi (d. 1598) Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1616) Finally unified Japan in 1603 p Starting the Tokugawa Shogunate p p Japan becomes a feudal “monarchy”

Japanese Isolation p Early support foreigners replaced with xenophobia n n p Passed a series of seclusion acts n p Many rejected Chinese learning Supported the “school” of National Learning Japanese seclusion act of 1636 Limited influence of the West n n Dutch were limited to the port of Nagasaki Some interest in Western ideas continued p Schools of Dutch Studies

Tokugawa Culture p Tea houses, brothels, theater, and public baths were popular n p New forms of theater: kabuki & bunraku (elaborate puppet shows) Ukiyo-e or “woodblock prints”