Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Physiological correlates

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Physiological correlates of emotion selfregulation during prolonged cycling performance Andy Lane University of Wolverhampton http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Introduction • Goal-pursuit activities such as athletic competition are associated with intense emotions (Terry & Lane, 2000) http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Introduction • Prolonged intense exercise associated with perceived exertion (Crewe et al. , 2008) • Athletes competing in prolonged endurance events experience intense emotions (Baron et al. , 2009; Linderman et al. , 2003). http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Both athletes report fatigue, but one athlete is fatigued and happy and the other is fatigued angry Figure 2 is a graph of a female explorer completing an expedition to the South Pole. Vigour and fatigue fluctuate during repeated bouts of hard exercise; endurance athletes should expect to feel intense fatigue and learn strategies to cope. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Emotions and emotion regulation • If emotions experienced in sport influence the goal attainment, then strategies to manage emotions during competition become important (Terry, 1995). http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self 106 Glucose 104 (mg/d. L) Regulating emotions is effortful (Baumeister & Muraven, 2000) Using self-control lowers blood glucose (Gailliot et al. , 2007) 102 100 Control Attention Watch Normally http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Hypothetical relationship between resource depletion, exercise and regulation Use of resources Time to exhaustion http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Two athletes working at the same intensity Key point Individuals who regulate emotion use physiological resources to a greater extent Use of Resources (arbitrary values) Time to exhaustion http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Key point • If emotion regulation is an effortful process (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000), then it uses the same physiological resources that are required for performance. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Purpose • In this study, we hypothesized that cyclists who experience unpleasant emotional states during performance would concurrently experience a depletion of physiological resources due to unsuccessful regulatory efforts. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Method • Participants – Well-trained cyclists (N= 28) • Age range 18 – 35 years • Weekly training hours; M = 14. 23, SD =1. 23 hours • VO 2 Max. M = 65. 6 (SD = 7 ml/kg/min. ) • Threshold wattage 226. 7 (SD = 28. 3 watts) http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Emotions • Emotion was assessed using the Brunel Mood Rating Scale (Terry et al. , 1999, 2003). A short version of the Profile of Mood States (Mc. Nair et al, 1971) • The Brunel Mood Rating Scale assesses Anger, Confusion, Depression, Fatigue, Tension and Vigour • Terry et al. (1999, 2003) reported a rigorous validation procedure for use in sport. – Confirmatory factor analysis – Criterion validity • A ‘right now’ response timeframe was used. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Method • Participants completed a 100 -mile cycle performance in laboratory conditions at an speed equivalent to lactate threshold. • Lactate threshold was determined a week earlier using an incremental cycling test. – A stationary cycle ergometer rig (Kingcycle, High Wycombe, UK) was used. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Results • Emotion data indicated significant changes over time. • All athletes reported fluctuations in vigour and fatigue. • 14 cases reported increases in anger, confusion, depression, and tension. • Data divided into two groups; unpleasant emotion group and no symptoms of unpleasant emotion group (Lane & Terry, 2000) http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Results http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Unpleasant mood was associated with a significant increase in ventilation rate ANOVA to assess the effect of unpleasant mood on changes in physiological during the middle and later variables indicated a significant interaction effect for changes in ventilation stages and reduction shortly rate: before volatile exhaustion, 2 F 6, 21=3. 09, P =. 03, Partial Eta =. 47 suggesting that earlier emotion-regulation efforts were costly. Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Ventilation rate over time VE Litres/min 100 95 Unpleasant emotion 90 Positive emotion 85 80 75 70 65 60 30 60 90 120 Mins By contrast, among individuals reporting positive mood, 150 ventilation rates 180 were lower exhaustion during exercise and increased sharply before exhaustion. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Discussion • Regulating unpleasant emotions during intense exercise appears effortful (Gaillot et al. , 2007). – This appears to contribute to using physiological resources also used for performance. • Athletes who maintained positive emotions states during performance were able to increase efforts toward the end of performance http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Unpacking unpleasant emotions • An emotional state of high fatigue coupled with feeling angry, anxious and downhearted is different to feeling fatigued only (Lane & Terry, 2000). • Increased fatigue and decreased vigour is the typical response to long-duration exercise (Baron et al. , 2009; Crewe et al. , 2008; Eston et al. , 2007) http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self cont. • Athletes learn to expect to feel increasing sensations of fatigue (Baron et al. , 2009). • Vigour and fatigue most likely index to usage and replenishment of physiological resources • Athletes who carbohydrate feed during exercise typically report lower perceived exertion, or can exercise at a higher intensity for longer (Atkinson et al, 2007) • Experienced athletes use affective responses to judge pacing strategies (Micklewright et al. , 2009). http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self cont. • Intentionally slowing down to regulate fatigue can evoke unpleasant emotions such as downhearted due to anticipating failure to attain performance goals (Baron et al. , 2009; Carver & Scheier, 1990). • Athletes regulate unpleasant emotions by focusing on the task at hand (Stevinson & Biddle, 1998). – In the present study, this involved in increasing effort by increasing rate of breathing. http: //www. erosresearch. org/

Emotion Regulation of Others and Self Conclusions • Findings offer preliminary support for the notion that emotion regulation during exercise is effortful • Future research is needed to investigate this effect with stricter experimental control. http: //www. erosresearch. org/