Emotion HAPPY THE MOVIE Emotions Powerpoint and video

Emotion

HAPPY – THE MOVIE • Emotions • Powerpoint and video analysis

Neuroscience of Emotions

Know how emotions affect the ANS

Arousal and Performance • Performance peaks at Performance lower levels of level arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well -learned tasks. • For MOST tasks though, you want moderate levels of arousal. Difficult tasks Low Easy tasks Arousal High

Role of Neurotransmitters & Hormones • Important Roles in Emotion: • Low serotonin Depression. • High levels of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Anger and Fear.

The Limbic System and Emotions • The Amygdala is a neural key to fear learning. • Also involved in rage and aggression. • Integrates the hormonal and neural emotional aspects.

Role of the Cortex and Emotions • In general… • the right hemisphere specializes in negative emotions and… • the left hemisphere specializes in positive emotions.

Theories of Emotion • Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. • We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. • The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • They say the James-Lange theory is full of crap. • How can that theory be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states. • The physiological change (body’s arousal) and cognitive awareness (emotions) must occur separately (but simultaneously). • Routed to the cortex and the Sympathetic NS at the same time by the Thalamus.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. • They happen at the same time but… • To experience the emotion the person must be physically aroused AND cognitively label the arousal. • Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

Spillover Effect • When arousal spills over from one event to another. • Like when arousal from a basketball game fuels anger, which then descends into rioting or other violent confrontations.

Two Routes to Emotion Lazarus/Schachter Appraisal Emotional response Event Zajonc/Le. Doux Physiological activation Expressive behavior Subjective experience

Lie Detectors • Called a polygraph. • Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion: • Perspiration • Heart rate • Blood pressure • Breathing changes

Lie Detectors 50 Innocents 50 Thieves Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph --1/3 of innocent declared guilty --1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? *Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty. --test all employees --285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? *Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty. --test all employees (including 999 innocents) --50 wrongly declared guilty --1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

Expressing Emotion

Expressed Emotion People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one.

Expressing Emotion Gender and expressiveness 16 Number of expressions 14 Women Men 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sad Happy Film Type Scary

Expressing Emotion • Non-verbal communication gestures, body language, facial expressions. • Introverts – better at reading other’s emotions. • Extroverts – easier to read.

Culture and Emotional Expression • Gestures and their meaning vary from culture to culture. • Individualist cultures show more intense and prolonged emotions. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dw. J-ww. F 9 XVs

Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-PFqz. Yo. Kk. Cc https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h 19 Pzyq. Oxxo

Experienced Emotion § Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence Low arousal Blue = Psychological Pink = Physiological pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger High arousal Negative valence Valence refers to the intrinsic attractiveness or aversiveness of an emotion.

Anger “carries the mind away, ” (Virgil, 70 -19 B. C. ), but “makes any coward brave, ” (Cato 234 -149 B. C. ).

Anger • People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. • People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains. • If you’re angry at someone about something… tell them directly.

Anger - Cultural & Gender Differences • Boys tend to respond to anger by moving away from that situation or exercising, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music. • Anger also breeds prejudice (Like the 9/11 attacks did). • Individualized cultures encourage venting; not collectivist cultures.

Fear • Fear can be learned through conditioning… • as well as through observation.

Don’t forget the Amygdala! • The neural key to fear learning. • Like a guard dog, it is continuously alert for threats.

Happiness People who are happy… • perceive the world as being safer. • make decisions easily. • are more cooperative. • live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

Predictors of Happiness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to… However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Have high self-esteem Age Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Education levels Have work and leisure that engage their skills Parenthood (having children or not) Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise

Experiencing Emotion • • Catharsis: Emotional release. Catharsis hypothesis: “Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Experiencing Emotion • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: • People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Experiencing Emotion • Subjective Well-Being: • Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20, 000 $19, 000 $18, 000 $17, 000 $16, 000 $15, 000 $14, 000 $13, 000 $12, 000 $11, 000 $10, 000 $9, 000 $8, 000 $7, 000 $6, 000 $5, 000 $4, 000 100% Percentage 90% describing 80% themselves as 70% very happy Personal income 60% 50% Percentage very happy 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Year 1980 1990 2000

Values & Life Satisfaction Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • Tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level. • If you get a raise in salary, you feel good. But once you adjust to that new salary level, you need another raise to get that same feeling again. • Success and failure always relative to our recent experiences.

Experiencing Emotion • Relative Deprivation: • Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.