Emma Dzialo Julia Gambardella Nina Poloukhine Morgan Salerno

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� The nervous system is a network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body. � 2 main types of nervous systems �Central(CNS)- brain and spinal cord �Peripheral(PNS)- nervous of brain and spine Somatic- controls voluntary activity (ie. Activation of muscles) Autonomic- controls involuntary activity (ie. Heart contraction and homeostasis)

� Neuroglia- support, insulate and protect neurons � Neurons- send electrical messages throughout body � Synapse- point of contact between neurons � Stimuli- Changes that effect nervous system � Neurotransmitters- chemicals that stimulate neurons, muscles or glands

Neuron � Dendrite(s)- sends neurotransmitters toward body � Axon(s)- sends neurotransmitters away from body � Soma(Cell Body)- location of nucleolus in a neuron � End Terminal- a. k. a where Synapse occur

� Surrounds the axon essential for proper functioning of the nervous system � Effect of a damaged myelin is Multiple Sclerosis �

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1. 2. 3. 4. Neurotransmitters are released from pre-synaptic cell’s vesicle and travel down axon. The chemicals are released out of the neuron’s terminal end and into the synapse. The dendrites of post-synaptic neuron take the neurotransmitter molecules through receptor binding. The excess chemicals in the synapse are taken back by the pre-synaptic neuron through the re-uptake inhibitor.

� FX: takes in sensory information and responds accordingly �Made up of brain and spinal cord Spinal Cord- responsible for transporting information (protected by vertebral column) Brain- consciously and unconsciously coordinates bodily function in response to information it has received (protected by cranium)

� Tract- bundle of nerve processes in CNS � Efferent Neuron- conducts impulses to muscle and glands (away from CNS) � Afferent Neuron- conducts impulses toward CNS from the body � Ganglia- collection of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

� Grey matter- areas dominated with cell bodies, dendrites and synapses �FX: to process and generate signals � White matter- areas dominated by axons �Connects different areas of grey matter in brain and spinal cord �FX: transmit nerve signals

� � Neurons- responsible for sending and receiving nerve impulses Glial cells- non neuronal cells which provide support, nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and facilitate signal transmission � glial cells outnumber neurons in the brain 50: 1

� Controls functions of all organs in the body, thoughts, memory, speech, movement, stress responses, etc.

� Three layers of tissue to cover and protect the brain and spinal cord �Dura Mater �Arachnoid �Pia Mater

� Hypothalamus- contains nerve connections to pituitary gland �Controls: eating, sexual behavior, regluates sleeping, body temp, emotions � Thalamus- pain sensation, attention, and alertness � Amygdala- controls feelings of fear and aggressive behavior � Hippocampus- ability to remember new information

� Gland located behind the nose � Controls secretion of hormones which regulates: �growth/development �FX: kidneys, ovaries, testicles, ect. �FX: various body organs other glands thyroid, gonads, adrenal glands

� Produced in ventricles (hollow channels) of brain � Clear, watery substance that helps to cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury � Circulates through channels of the brain and spinal cord

� � Frontal Lobe- largest of four lobes found in the front of the brain � controls voluntary movements: speech, intellectual and behavioral functions, concentration, temper and personality Occipital Lobe- found in the back brain � receives and processes images, depth perception, colors and shapes

� � Parietal Lobe- top of brain � a person’s memory and sensory info is received, vision, hearing, and meaning is given to objects Temporal Lobes- found behind the left and right ears � Right temporal lobe responsible for visual memory, recognizing faces and objects � Left temporal lobe responsible for verbal memory, remembering and understanding language, interprets emotions and reactions

� Cerebrum- made up of grey matter and is responsible for communication between different parts of the brain � Cerebellum- located at the back of the brain controls fine tunes in motor movements, maintains posture, senses of balance and equilibrium �

Lower extension of brain(attaches the brain to spinal cord) � Three parts of brainstem: �Midbrain- center for ocular motion �Pons- involved in coordinating eye and facial movements, facial sensation, hearing, balance �Medulla Oblongata- controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythms, and swallowing �

� � � Olfactory- smell Optic- visual fields; ability to see Oculomotor- eye movements, eyelid openings Trochlear- eye movements Trigeminal- facial sensations Abducens- eye movements

� � � Facial- eyelid closing, facial expression, taste sensation Auditory- hearing, sense of balance Glossopharyngeal- taste sensation and swallowing Vagus- swallowing and taste sensation Accessory- controls neck and shoulder movements Hypoglossal- tongue movement

� “highway to the brain” � Length (average): �Men: 45 cm �Women: 43 cm � Sensory nerves detect touch and send the nerve impulses to spinal cord then to brain

� Part of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord �Made up of nerve fibers that travel to different parts of body �FX: communicator between CNS (brain and spinal cord) to rest of the body

� Somatic- controls skeletal muscles and external sensory organs (skin) �Voluntary (can be consciously controlled) � Autonomic- controls involuntary muscles (smooth and cardiac muscles) �Parasympathetic- controls activity that increase energy (ex. Constricting pupils, contracting bladder) �Sympathetic- controls activity that conserve energy (ex. Speed of heart rate, dilating pupils, relaxing bladder)

� � � Meningitis: inflammation of the covering od brain and spinal cord � Causes: headaches and neck stiffness � Deadly if not treated Epilepsy: abnormal electrical impulses in the brain � Can result in seizures Paralysis: caused by damage to spinal cord

� Carpal tunnel syndrome: caused from excessive pressure on median nerve (in wrist) �Causes numbness, tingling and muscle damage in hands �Common from typing on a computer � Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progressive degeneration of motor neurons �Causes progressive weakness of limbs, facial and respiratory muscles

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