Emilio Segre From XRays to Quarks Modern Physicists

• Emilio Segre, From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 -1923) Discoverer of the X-ray

The hand of Mrs. Wilhelm Roentgen: the first X-ray image, 1895

jurvetson Murray Gell-Mann 1969 Nobel Prize winner, he coined the name of "quark”

Murray Gell-Mann coin the name of Quark • James Joyce's book Finnegans Wake: • Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he has not got much of a bark And sure any he has it's all beside the mark. —James Joyce, Finnegans Wake 參考來源：http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Quark

http: //www. amazon. com/Second-Creation-Revolution-Twentieth-Century-Physics/dp/0025214403

More Unified Theories • For years, physicists have sought for and found unified theories. • 1861 -1865 • James Maxwell, in a series of pages, described the interrelation of electric and magnetic fields thereby unifying them into electromagnetism. This led to the now-famous Maxwell's Equations. • 1881 -1884 • Hertz demonstrated radio waves and established that radio waves and light are electromagnetic waves of different frequencies, as predicted by Maxwell. 參考來源：http: //pdg. web. cern. ch/pdg/cpep/more_unified. html

James Clerk Maxwell Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

1967 -1970 Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg proposed a theory that unifies electromagnetic and weak interactions. They predicted the mass of the W boson which mediates weak processes such as beta decay and predicted a new type of weak interaction and its mediating particle the Z boson. Higgs Boson. 1979 The Nobel Prize was awarded to Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg for their role in the development of the electroweak theory, four years before the discovery of the W and Z bosons! 1983 The W and Z bosons were finally discovered in 1983 by the UA-1 and UA-2 experiments at CERN. Larry D. Moore 參考來源：http: //pdg. web. cern. ch/pdg/cpep/more_unified. html

Grand Unified Theory One of the biggest goals in physics today is to unify the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces into one unified force, or what physicists call the "Grand Unified Theory". It has already been discovered that at high enough energies, electromagnetism and the weak force are the same force, known as the electroweak force. It is theorized that if energies are increased even further, all the known forces will boil down into the same force. If the standard model can be simplified in this way, it may lead into areas of further study in order to get a better grasp of the world around us. 參考來源： http: //blueflag. phys. yorku. ca/yhep/gut. html

http: //crescentok. com/staff/jaskew/ISR/chemistry/quarks. jpg

誰是Edward Witten? Lumidek http: //online. itp. ucsb. edu/online/gross_c 01/witten/oh/01. html

什麼是弦理論? What is string theory? Witten: String theory is an attempt at a deeper description of nature by thinking of an elementary particle not as a little point but as a little loop of vibrating string. One of the basic things about a string is that it can vibrate in many different shapes or forms, which gives music its beauty. If we listen to a tuning fork, it sounds harsh to the human ear. And that's because you hear a pure tone rather than the higher overtones that you get from a piano or violin that give music its richness and beauty. So in the case of one of these strings it can oscillate in many different forms -- analogously to the overtones of a piano string. And those different forms of vibration are interpreted as different elementary particles: quarks, electrons, photons. All are different forms of vibration of the same basic string. Unity of the different forces and particles is achieved because they all come from different kinds of vibrations of the same basic string. In the case of string theory, with our present understanding, there would be nothing more basic than the string. 參考來源： http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/elegant/view-witten. html

http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 438/n 7071/pdf/4381085 a. pdf

Essay Nature 438, 1085 (22 December 2005) Concept Unravelling string theory Edward Witten　　 （Last two paragraphs) • But what is string theory? It may well be the only way to reconcile gravity and quantum mechanics, but what is the core idea behind it? Einstein understood the central concepts of general relativity years before he developed the detailed equations. By contrast, string theory has been discovered in bits and pieces — over a period that has stretched for nearly four decades — without anyone really understanding what is behind it. As a result, every bit that is unearthed comes as a surprise. We still don't know where all these ideas are coming from — or heading to. • One day we may understand what string theory really is. But even if we do, and theory is on the right track, will we be able to learn how it works in nature? I certainly hope so. Realistically, it all depends on many unknowns, including the nature of the answer, how clever we will be, and the clues we can get from experiment. 參考來源： http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 438/n 7071/full/4381085 a. html

Superstring Theory World http: //documentarywatch. com/cosmology-physics/superstring-theory-the-universe-on-a-string. html

Nature 440, 1132 -1136 (27 April 2006) | doi: 10. 1038/nature 04804 Is our Universe natural? Sean M. Carroll 1 1. Enrico Fermi Institute, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Email: carroll@theory. uchicago. edu Abstract It goes without saying that we are stuck with the Universe we have. Nevertheless, we would like to go beyond simply describing our observed Universe, and try to understand why it is that way rather than some other way. When considering both the state in which we find our current Universe, and the laws of physics it obeys, we discover features that seem remarkably unnatural to us. Physicists and cosmologists have been exploring increasingly ambitious ideas in an attempt to explain how surprising aspects of our Universe can arise from simple dynamical principles. 參考來源： http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 440/n 7088/abs/nature 04804. html

A natural state for a Universe with a positive vacuum energy is empty de Sitter space; this is the background universe in the figure, with time running vertically. In the presence of an appropriate scalar field, quantum fluctuations in such a background can lead to the nucleation of baby universes. Each baby universe is created in a proto-inflationary state, which then expands and reheats into a universe like that we observe. These universes are portrayed as evolving 'sideways', to emphasize that the local direction of time may not be related to that of the background space-time. http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 440/n 7088/fig_tab/nature 04804_F 1. html

String Theory Yang-Mills Theory Their Mathematics My Physics http: //insti. physics. sunysb. edu/~yang/ Chen Ning Yang Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus Nobel Laureate in Physics

Freeman Dyson Flickr user ioerror, Jacob Appelbaum

Freeman Dyson

Freeman Dyson

Freeman Dyson

Freeman Dyson

jurvetson Murray Gell-Mann 1969 Nobel Prize winner, he coined the name of "quark”

Stephen William Hawking

http: //www. edge. org/3 rd_culture/horgan_p 1. html John Horgan The Author of The End of Science

http: //www. ichthus. info/Big. Bang/intro. html

GFHund John Wheeler (1911 -Present)

創黑洞一詞 物理學家惠勒病逝 (John A. Wheeler(July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) ) http: //www. princeton. edu/pr/pwb/08/0421/wheeler/

Kurt Gödel and Einstein 1954 For any consistent formal theory that proves basic arithmetical truths, it is possible to construct an arithmetical statement that is true 1 but not provable in theory. That is, any consistent theory of a certain expressive strength is incomplete. 參考來源： http: // psychology. wikia. com/wiki/G%C 3%B 6 del's_incompleteness_theorems

1902 -1995, Winner of The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963

The most remarkable thing about Science is its youth “The Limits of Science” By Eegene P. Wigner

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" Erwin Schrödinger 1/2 of the prize Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1887 d. 1961 b. 1902 d. 1984

科學大師? 宇宙小娃? The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 Paul Adrien Maurice dirac

Is these great man of science actually were the little son of mother nature 這些科學上的巨人 事實上不過是自然宇宙的小娃兒

http: //photos. aip. org/history/Thumbnails/dirac_d 7. jpg L-R: Heisenbergs mother, Schringers wife, Diracs mother, Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger Stockholm train station;

http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 459/n 7246/pdf/459508 a. pdf

Essay Nature 459, 508 -509 (28 May 2009) | doi: 10. 1038/459508 a; Published online 27 May 2009 A change of strategy in the war on cancer Robert A. Gatenby • Robert A. Gatenby is in the departments of radiology and integrated mathematical oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Email: robert. gatenby@moffitt. org Abstract • Patients and politicians anxiously await and increasingly demand a 'cure' for cancer. But trying to control the disease may prove a better plan than striving to cure it, says Robert A. Gatenby. 參考來源： http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 459/n 7246/full/459508 a. html

Essay Nature 459, 508 -509 (28 May 2009) | doi: 10. 1038/459508 a; Published online 27 May 2009 A change of strategy in the war on cancer • The German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept of 'magic bullets' more than 100 years ago: compounds that could be engineered to selectively target and kill tumour cells or diseasecausing organisms without affecting the normal cells in the body. The success of antibiotics 50 years later seemed to be a strong validation of Ehrlich's idea. Indeed, so influential and enduring was medicine's triumph over bacteria that the 'war on cancer' continues to be driven by the implicit assumption that magic bullets will one day be found for the disease. • Yet lessons learned in dealing with exotic species, combined with recent mathematical models of the evolutionary dynamics of tumours, indicate that eradicating most disseminated cancers may be impossible. And, more importantly, trying to do so could make the problem worse. 參考來源： http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 459/n 7246/full/459508 a. html

Austrini http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Albania_from_Corfu_177. JPG

http: //www. wenbao. net/wbw_admin/news_view. asp? newsid=1015 http: //www. nipic. com/show/1/74/c 4 d 9 dfaef 5 c 3124 e. html Mikano Original uploader was Florian. Arnd at de. wikipedia 都江堰　　　　　　　近代水壩　(霸? )

James Wines, Green Architecture http: //mypaper. pchome. com. tw/honhowbooks/post/1313684952 http: //tw. group. knowledge. yahoo. com/unique-design/article/view? aid=55

http: //naatamam. persiangig. com/image/Albert_Einstein-02. jpg

FIGURE 2. Cosmic acceleration and dark energy. 75% FIGURE 1. Dark matter and how it might be detected. 20% http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 458/n 7238/fig_tab/458587 a_F 1. html http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 458/n 7238/fig_tab/458587 a_F 2. html

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