Emerging Database Technologies and Applications Talal A Alsubaie

Emerging Database Technologies and Applications Talal A. Alsubaie

Outline • Mobile Database. • Multimedia Database. • GIS ( Geographic Information Systems ). Talal A. Alsubaie 2

Mobile Database

Mobile Database • Portable devices and wireless technology led to mobile computing. • Portable computing devices and wireless communication allowed the client to access data from any ware and any time. • There are some HW and SW problems that must be solved to make maximum exploitation of mobile computing. – i. e. Database recovery. • Hardware problems are more difficult. – – Wireless coverage. Battery. Changes in network topology. Wireless Transmission Speed. Talal A. Alsubaie 4

Mobile Database • Mobile Computing Architecture: Talal A. Alsubaie 5

Mobile Database • Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET): – In a MANET, co-located mobile units do not need to communicate via a fixed network, but instead, form their own using cost-effective technologies such as Bluetooth. – In a MANET, mobile units are responsible for routing their own data, effectively acting as base stations as well as clients. – MANET must be robust enough to handle changes in network topology. • Such as arrival or departure of mobile unites. – MANET can fall under P 2 P architecture. Talal A. Alsubaie 6

Characteristics of Mobile Environments – Communication latency – Intermittent connectivity – Limited battery life – Changing client location – All of these Characteristics impact data management in mobile computing. Talal A. Alsubaie 7

Characteristics of Mobile Environments (2) – The server may not be able to reach the client or vise versa. – We can add proxies to the client and the server to cache updates into when connection is not available. – After the connection is available proxy automatically forward these updates to its distention. Talal A. Alsubaie 8

Characteristics of Mobile Environments (3) – The latency involved in wireless communication makes scalability a problem. • Since latency increases the time to service each client request, so the server can handle fewer clients. – Servers can use Broadcasting to solve this problem. – Broadcast well reduces the load on the server, as clients do not have to maintain active connections to it. • For example weather broadcasting. Talal A. Alsubaie 9

Characteristics of Mobile Environments (4) • Client mobility also poses many data management challenges: – Servers must keep track of client locations in order to efficiently route messages to them. – Client data should be stored in the network location that minimizes the traffic necessary to access it. – The act of moving between cells must be transparent to the client. • Client mobility also allows new applications that are location-based. Talal A. Alsubaie 10

Data Management Issues • Mobile databases can be distributed under two possible scenarios: 1. The entire database is distributed mainly among the wired components, possibly with full or partial replication. • Management is done in fixed hosts, with additional functionalities. 2. The database is distributed among wired and wireless components. • Management is done in both fixed hosts and mobile units. Talal A. Alsubaie 11

Data Management Issues – Data distribution and replication (Cache) – Transactions models – Query processing (where data is located? ) – Recovery and fault tolerance – Mobile database design – Location-based service – Division of labor – Security Talal A. Alsubaie 12

Application: Intermittently Synchronized Databases • The client has his own application and DBMS in his local laptop. • Do some updates locally and connect to the server via internet to get batch of updates (synchronization). • The primary characteristic of this scenario is that the clients are mostly disconnected; the server is not necessarily able reach them. • This environment has problems similar to those in distributed and client-server databases, and some from mobile databases. Talal A. Alsubaie 13

Application: Intermittently Synchronized Databases InsertUpdate Data Talal A. Alsubaie 14

Multimedia Database

Multimedia Databases • In the years ahead multimedia information systems are expected to dominate our daily lives. Talal A. Alsubaie 16

Nature of Multimedia Data and Applications • DBMSs have been constantly adding to the types of data they support. • Today many types of multimedia data are available in current systems. – – – – Text. Graphics. Images. Animation. Video. Audio. … Talal A. Alsubaie 17

Nature of Multimedia Applications • Multimedia data may be stored, delivered, and utilized in many different ways. • Applications may be categorized based on their data management characteristics. – Repository applications. • A large amount of multimedia data as well as metadata is stored for retrieval purposes. – Presentation applications. • Simple multimedia viewing of video or audio data. – Collaborative work using multimedia information. • Which engineers may execute a complex design task by merging drawings, fitting subjects to design constraints, and generating new documentation, change notifications, and so forth. Talal A. Alsubaie 18

Data Management Issues • Multimedia applications dealing with thousands of images, documents, audio and video segments, and free text data depend critically on: – Appropriate modeling of the structure and content of data. – Designing appropriate database schemas for storing and retrieving multimedia information. Talal A. Alsubaie 19

Data Management Issues (cont. ) • Multimedia information systems are very complex and embrace a large set of issues: – Modeling: • Complex Objects, dealing with large number of types of data (Graphics). – Design: • Conceptual, logical, and physical design of multimedia has not been addressed fully, and it remains an area of active research. – Storage: • Multimedia data on standard disk devices presents problems of representation, compression, mapping to device hierarchies, archiving, and buffering during the input/output operation. • DBMS has presented the BLOB type (Binary Large Object). Talal A. Alsubaie 20

Data Management Issues (cont. ) • Multimedia information systems are very complex and embrace a large set of issues (cont. ): – Queries and retrieval: • The database way of retrieving information is based on query languages and internal index structures. – Performance : – Multimedia applications involving only documents and text, performance constraints are subjectively determined by the user. – Applications involving video playback or audio-video synchronization, physical limitations dominate. Talal A. Alsubaie 21

Multimedia Database Applications Documents and records management Knowledge dissemination Education and training Marketing, advertising, retailing, entertainment, and travel • Real-time control and monitoring • • Talal A. Alsubaie 22

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Geographic Information Systems • Geographic information systems(GIS): – A systematic integration of hardware and software for capturing, storing, displaying, updating manipulating and analyzing spatial data. Talal A. Alsubaie 24

Geographic title Information Systems • GIS can be divided into two formats: – Vector data represents geometric objects such as points, lines, and polygons. – Raster data is characterized as an array of points, where each point represents the value of an attribute for a real-world location. • Informally, raster images are n-dimensional array where each entry is a unit of the image and represents an attribute Talal A. Alsubaie 25

Geographic Information Systems Talal A. Alsubaie 26

Characteristics of Data in GIS • There are several aspects of the geographical objects need to be considered: – – – Location. Temporality. Complex Spatial Features. Object ID. Data Quality. … Talal A. Alsubaie 27

Characteristics of Data in GIS • The geographic context, topologic relations and other spatial relationships are fundamentally important in order to define spatial integrity rules. Talal A. Alsubaie 28

Constraints in GIS • Topology Integrity. – Deals with the behavior of features and the spatial relationship between them. • Semantic Integrity. – Deals with the meaning. • User Defined Integrity. – Business rules. • Temporal. – Punctual and Durable. Talal A. Alsubaie 29

Conceptual Data Models for GIS • Briefly describes the common conceptual models for storing spatial data in GIS. • Some conceptual data models: – Raster data model: • Used for analytical applications. – Vector data model: • Analysis is done using a well defined set of tools. Talal A. Alsubaie 30

Conceptual Data Models for GIS • Some conceptual data models (cont. ): – Network model: • Define how lines connect to each other in a point. • Rules are stored in a connectivity table. • Example of everyday application, optimizing a school bus route. – TIN data model: • Triangular Irregular Network. • Is a vector-based approach. • models surfaces by connecting sample points as vector of triangles. Talal A. Alsubaie 31

DBMS Enhancements for GIS • Until the mid 1990 s, GIS system was based mainly on file-based systems. • No transfer standards was defined, which limited vendors in terms of sharing. • Involved in a geo-structure and attributes was stored in DBMS. • The spatial features was kept in a file and linked to the attributes. • Could not take FULL advantage of commercial RDBMS. • Database extensions has been released by vendors like DB 2 spatial extender, and Oracle. Spatial and Oracle. Locator to support GIS data. • These extensions allowed the user to store, manage, and retrieve geoobjects. Talal A. Alsubaie 32

GIS Standers and Operations • Spatial Relationship Standard: – – – Equal. Intersect. Touch. Cross. Within. … and more. Talal A. Alsubaie 33

GIS Standers and Operations • Spatial Analysis Standard: – Distance. • Returns the shortest distance between any two points in two geometries. – Buffer. • Returns a geometry that represents all points whose distance from the given geometry is less than or equal to distance. – Convex Hull. – Union. – And more. Talal A. Alsubaie 34

GIS Standers and Operations CREATE TABLE STATES ( Sname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, State_shape POLYGON NOT NULL, Country VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (Sname), FOREIGN KEY (Country) REFERENCES COUNTRIES (Cname) ); SELECT Sname FROM STATS WHERE (AREA (State_shape) > 50000) Talal A. Alsubaie 35

Future of GIS • There are some challenges in developing GIS applications: – – – Data Source. Data Model. Standards. Mobile GIS. Specialized DBMS for GIS. … Talal A. Alsubaie 36

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