Emergent Nationalism in the Middle East The Struggle

Emergent Nationalism in the Middle East The Struggle for Stability

OVERVIEW In the following lesson, we examine: • Effects of the Six-Day War of 1967 • Effects of the October War of 1973 • The significance of the Camp David Accords • The rise of Arab and Islamic terrorism

Effects of the Six-Day War Context Question: What major issues were left unresolved by the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the Suez Crisis of 1956?

Arab Perspective Israeli Perspective • Palestine could only be • Israel needed either Arab resolved with the threat of recognition or a buffer zone force • Palestinian guerillas were • Israel would retreat from launching attacks against captured territories if given Israeli targets What were the major factors which led to a sufficient demonstration • Egypt requested thein UN to of war force between the Arabs and the Israelis leave the Sinai and • Israel’s allies needed to 1967? mobilized its forces become involved to prevent regional instability • Egypt had blocked the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping

• Buffer zone: In only 6 days, Israel had secured 3 times more territory than it had before in the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank and the Golan Heights • International involvement: UN Resolution 242 called on Israel to give Feeling threatened the surrounding upby captured territories in return. Arab for Why. Israel would Israel bealess likelywith to its war recognition and peace Arab states, launched pre-emptive neighbours withdraw from the captured territories against Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Key effects • Terrorism: the Palestinian Liberation as called on by the UN? included: Organization and other Palestinian groups increased guerilla operations and began to use global terrorism, such as in the massacre of Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympic Games of 1972

Effects of the October War • • • Israeli Even though were By. Initial 1973, thedefeat Arab– states had. Egyptian vowedforces revenge forced to pull back, Sadat’s successful surprise attack for the of myth 1967. that Egyptian broke thedefeat invincibility the Israelipresident, forces could Anwar Sadat, coordinated a two-front, not be defeated; Sadat’s status increased among Arabs. Economicassault ‘weapons’ – the. Syria OPEC nations to surprise with duringattempted the Jewish lower oil production increase pricesthe to Western holiday of Yom and Kippur, when largest states such as the US and the Netherlands from 1973 to numbers of Israeli forces were on leave. 1974 After nearly 3 weeks of fighting, ceasefire Increased international involvement –Thea. US became increasingly involved after the warthe in order to stabilize was signed. What were results of the region Sadat’s bold plan?

The Camp David Accords Context Question: Why might both Israel and Egypt be more willing to consider diplomacy as a means of resolving their conflict after 1973?

Several key events would lead to peace talks in 1978 between Sadat and Menachem Begin, prime minister of Israel. In 1975, Egyptian How might the Arab community respond to forces withdrew from Sadat’s gestures of peace with Israel? the Sinai, and in 1977 Sadat visited Israel and offered recognition in return for peace and territory.

In September 1978, Sadat and Begin flew to • Both sides gained peace Camp David to discussand a peace treaty, military to be US aid money, brokered by US president, Jimmy Carter. resources and/or food. What did each side gain and lose regained as a result the • Egypt theof Sinai peninsula forcing Israeli peace treaty? What major issues were left unresolved by the settlers to leave; Egypt would forced out of the peace treaty and be why? Arab League • Israel gained official recognition from Egypt and unhindered access to the Straits of Tiran

Arab and Islamic Terrorism • 1971: The Jordanian Army forced the PLO out of Jordan after they attempted to take over the West Bank and other parts of the country 1981: Sadat was assassinated by What might explain the increase in Islamic The response to the • Camp David Accords by members of the Muslim Brotherhood; their membership was heavily fundamentalism in thecommunity Arab world in terms of the Arab and Islamic was related suppressed in Egypt. • 1982: Syria forces massacred unresolved issues with Israel? to the rise in Arab and Islamic conflict. thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members and other Islamic militants in the town of Hama after the failure of an assassination attempt on President Hafez al-Assad • 1982: Israel launched a costly invasion of Lebanon to destroy PLO bases, further destabilizing that country in the middle of its civil war

SUMMARY QUESTIONS • Why did the Six-Day War of 1967 break out and what issues would lead to the Yom Kippur War of 1973? • What did Egypt and Israel gain in the Camp David Accords of 1978 and what role did the US play in that agreement? • Why did increasing numbers of the Arab community turn to terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism after 1978?