Embryo transfer techniques Gamete intra fallopian transfer gift

Embryo transfer techniques Gamete- intra- fallopian transfer ( gift)

�This is an alternative to in vitro fertilization & embryo transfer for the women with prolonged sterility & at least one patent fallopian tube. �This is specially useful where the fimbriae ( a fringe of finger- like projections that surround the infundibulum of a fallopian tube) fails to capture the ovum or in those with cervical factors & sperm antibodies.

Washed sperms & harvested ova are transferred via a laproscope ( telescope having an external light source) to the ampulla of the fallopian tube. Fertilization & cleavage occur in the tube followed by transportation of the blastocyst to the endometrial cavity i. e. uterus. � GIFT techniques requires less sophisticated equipment & training. � In a series of 500 GIFT operations, 192, 38. 2% pregnancies occurred.

Test tube baby

I. V. F In Vitro Fertilization “Test tube babies”

Louise Brown, 1978

�In last two decade, tireless efforts of certain biologists have fulfilled the age- old dream of mankind to create human life in the laboratory. �This phenomenon is called extrauterine gestation or in vitro fertilization. �In vitro are Latin words which literally mean , ” in glass”. �The child produced by such a method came to known as a test tube baby. �In fact, the production of a test-tube baby involves two main steps 1) in vitro fertilization ( IVF) & 2) embryo transfer ( ET). Historically speaking, the first attempt to produce a test- tube baby was made by an Italian Scientist Dr. Petrucci in 1959, when he began his epoch- making experiment.

�The production of a test tube baby involves the following six steps: � 1. Options : - ovulation by natural cycle or hormonal stimulation. � 2. Ovarian functions: � 3. Follicular aspiration ( Laproscopic or ultrasonograph guided USG- ovum pick up. � 4. In vitro fertilization ( IVF) ( Incubation & insemination). � 5. Cleavage & � 6. Embryo transfer ( ET).

� Some days before the surgery, the patient is injected with certain hormones gonadotropin injection which helps the eggs to ripen & assure that more than one egg is produced by the ovary. � After the egg has been removed, it is placed in cultures containing human serum & other chemicals, together with the spermatozoa ejaculated by the husband of the patient or of a donor. � Within 12 hours after the introduction of sperm, the egg is fertilized. � Within 38 hours, it cleaves into two cells, reaching the eight- celled stage within three days ( 72 hours) after sperm penetration & the 16 celled stage or blastocyst stage within 5 days. � The developing blastocyst, now ready for implantation, is inserted into the uterus by catheter through the vagina & cervical canal to the womb.

� However, prior to implantation of the blastocyst, the uterus of the recepient mother is made fit for receiving the 8 or 16 celled embryo by the hormonal treatment. � After implantation, the developmental process follows the regular course. � The whole process of test tube baby formation requires a high level of technical skill & advanced facilities. It needs the following precautions: � 1. The egg must be taken out only in fully mature condition. � 2. The egg as well as the culture medium must be kept at proper temperature. � 3. Infection of any kind must be avoided at all levels. � 4. Receipient mothers Uterine wall must be properly prepared to receive the blastocyst. � Careful watch must be maintained throughout the gestation period to ensure that the embryo is not expelled.

ADVANTAGE OF TEST TUBE BABY � Advantages. �The chief advantage of in vitro fertilization is it enables a woman with diseased or missing oviducts to give birth to her own child �Even mothers who have damaged ovaries can hope to get children, if another woman is willing to donate her ova. �For the woman whose uterus do not allow the spermatozoa to move up & men who have a low sperm count, this method can be ideally adopted.